Table 2.

Identified challenges in communication and solutions to language barriers in Croatia, Germany, Poland, and Slovenia.

	Challenges identified by interviewees	Currently used solutions
Croatia	Lack of interpreters Lack of translated hospital documents	ad hoc interpreters Family members External interpreters Translators employed in hospital Online translation instruments Non-verbal communication
Germany	Lack of interpreters	ad hoc interpreters Telephone service Printed documents in several languages Non-verbal communication
Poland	Lack of interpreters Lack of translated hospital documents	ad hoc interpreters External interpreters Informal interpreters; available also by telephone Family members, friends; available also by telephone Online translation instruments Non-verbal communication
Slovenia	Lack of interpreters	ad hoc interpreters Family members Multilingual manuals for the communication during medical examination Trained medical interpreters Non-verbal communication