TABLE 2.

Potential clinical applications for PNS + neurorehabilitation.

Diagnosis	Potential clinical application for PNS therapy	Physical exercise recommendations	Clinical readiness
Parkinson’s disease	FES for tremor reduction (Meng et al., 2022)	FES combined with UE functional training (Popa and Taylor, 2015)	Needs more research
Stroke	Afferent PNS to median, radial, and ulnar nerves of paretic UE (Fleming et al., 2015)	PNS combined with repetitive task practice (Fleming et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2020)	Ready for implementation, more research needed for optimization
TBI	Chronic TBI–FES for patients with hemiplegia (Ambrosini et al., 2011; Milosevic et al., 2021) Acute TBI–NMES for critically ill patients (Silva et al., 2019)	Chronic TBI–FES combined with repetitive task practice (Lee et al., 2019) Acute TBI – NMES combined with functional sit < > stand training (Canning et al., 2003)	Ready for implementation, more research needed for optimization
SCI	FES for acute, chronic, incomplete and complete SCI (Mangold et al., 2005; Kapadia et al., 2011; van der Scheer et al., 2021)	FES combined with UE and/or LE cycling (van der Scheer et al., 2021)	Ready for implementation