TABLE 3.

Potential clinical applications for VNS + neurorehabilitation.

Diagnosis	Potential clinical applications for VNS therapy	Physical exercise recommendations	Clinical readiness
Parkinson’s disease	VNS during high amplitude training (Marano et al., 2022)	LSVT BIG therapy*, PWR Moves (Fox et al., 2012; Osborne et al., 2022) *VNS applied during most successful trials of Maximal Daily Exercises	Needs more research
Stroke	VNS during repeated task practice (Hays et al., 2014a,b; Dawson et al., 2016, 2021)	Constraint Induced Movement Therapy*(Nesin et al., 2019) *VNS applied during shaping tasks, most successful trials	Needs more research
TBI	VNS combined with rehabilitation (Pruitt et al., 2016; Hakon et al., 2020; Noé et al., 2020)	Mild TBI–VNS to decrease symptom provocation before, during, or after vestibular rehabilitation (Schlemmer and Nicholson, 2022) Severe TBI–VNS during sensory stimulation for coma recovery (Thibaut et al., 2019); stimulate when patient attends to stimulus	Needs more research
SCI	VNS during functional task training, gait training, or cycling (Ganzer et al., 2018b; Darrow et al., 2020)	FES combined with UE and/or LE cycling*(van der Scheer et al., 2021)*VNS applied during peak power output	Needs more research