TABLE 4.
Potential research applications for neuromodulation in rehabilitation.
| Diagnosis | Neuromodulation technique | Suggested areas of research |
| Parkinson’s disease | TMS | rTMS over M1 prior to high amplitude training (LSVT BIG, PWR Moves) (Fox et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2018; Osborne et al., 2022) |
| PNS | FES for tremor reduction combined with UE functional training (Popa and Taylor, 2015; Meng et al., 2022) | |
| VNS | VNS during most successful trials of high-amplitude training (LSVT BIG, PWR Moves) (Fox et al., 2012; Marano et al., 2022; Osborne et al., 2022) | |
| Stroke | TMS | iTBS combined with UE CIMT for individuals with chronic stroke (Nesin et al., 2019; Gao et al., 2022) |
| PNS | Afferent PNS combined with repetitive task practice (Fleming et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2020) | |
| VNS | VNS during most successful trials of shaping tasks during CIMT (Hays et al., 2014a,b; Dawson et al., 2016, 2021; Nesin et al., 2019) | |
| TBI | TMS | rTMS prior to vestibular therapy in mild TBI93 (Schlemmer and Nicholson, 2022), |
| PNS | Chronic TBI–FES to hemiparetic UE during repetitive task Practice (Ambrosini et al., 2011; Lee et al., 2019; Milosevic et al., 2021) | |
| Acute TBI–NMES combined with functional sit < > stand training for critically ill patients (Canning et al., 2003; Silva et al., 2019) | ||
| VNS | Mild TBI–VNS for symptom management prior to vestibular Therapy (Pruitt et al., 2016; Hakon et al., 2020; Noé et al., 2020; Schlemmer and Nicholson, 2022) | |
| Severe TBI–VNS paired with successful trials during stimulation protocol for DOC Recovery (Pruitt et al., 2016; Thibaut et al., 2019; Hakon et al., 2020; Noé et al., 2020) | ||
| SCI | TMS | Concurrent rTMS with NMES during LE biking (FES bike) for incomplete SCI (Belci et al., 2004; van der Scheer et al., 2021) |
| PNS | FES combined with UE and/or LE cycling for individuals with acute, chronic, complete and incomplete SCI (Mangold et al., 2005; Kapadia et al., 2011, 2014; van der Scheer et al., 2021) | |
| VNS | VNS applied with peak power output during FES UE/LE Cycling (Ganzer et al., 2018b; Darrow et al., 2020; van der Scheer et al., 2021) |