Table 3.
Risk of bias assessment using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort studies.
| Author, Date | Selection | Comparability | Outcome | Overall | Rating |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Van Meer, 2016 | ∗∗∗ | – | ∗∗ | 5 | Fair |
| Wang, 2017 | ∗∗∗ | ∗∗ | ∗∗∗ | 8 | Good |
| Lansdown, 2017 | ∗∗ | – | ∗∗ | 4 | Fair |
| Pietrosimone, 2018 | ∗∗∗ | – | ∗∗ | 5 | Fair |
| Zhong, 2019 | ∗ | ∗∗ | ∗∗ | 5 | Fair |
| Culvenor, 2019 | ∗∗∗ | – | ∗∗∗ | 6 | Good |
| Struglics, 2020 | ∗ | – | ∗∗∗ | 4 | Fair |
| Li, 2020 | ∗∗ | ∗∗ | ∗∗ | 6 | Good |
| Wirth, 2021 | ∗∗∗ | – | ∗∗∗ | 6 | Good |
| Friedman, 2021 | ∗∗ | – | ∗∗ | 4 | Fair |
| Xie, 2021a | ∗∗∗ | ∗∗ | ∗∗∗ | 8 | Good |
a
NOS adapted for cross-sectional studies used.