Table 7.

Application of nanotechnology against pathogens associated with bovine mastitis.

Alternative treatment	Mechanisms of action	Reference
Silver nanoparticles added with R. tormentosa/quercetin	Decreased adhesion of the bacterial cells to the mammary gland tissues, antibacterial and antibiofilm activities	(Mordmuang et al., 2015a; Yu et al., 2018)
Gold nanoparticles added with Dodonaea angustifolia extract and Honey	Inhibitory and bactericidal effects over S. Aureus	(Omara, 2017)
Zinc oxide nanoparticles	Bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects	(Hozyen et al., 2019)
Chitosan nanoparticles	Bacteriostatic, bactericidal and antibiofilm effects on S. xylosus and S. aureus	(Orellano et al., 2021)
Graphene oxide	Reduction of biofilm mass, bactericidal activity against S. aureus	(Saeed et al., 2023)
polyherbal nanocolloids formulated with extracts	Bacteriostatic, bactericidal and antibiofilm activity, reduction of bacterial virulence factors	(Ranjani et al., 2022)
Nanosuspension, α-linolenic acid	Exhibited benefic effects on cows with subclinical mastitis	(Yadav et al., 2020)