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. 2023 Jul 27;1172:239–312. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.1172.104944

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Michael S. Engel, Claus Rasmussen, Ricardo Ayala, Favízia F. de Oliveira

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 3. — Phylogeny of subtribe Meliponina (New World Meliponini), summarized from Rasmussen and Cameron (2010), with hypothesized placements of Paratrigonoides Camargo & Roubik and Meliwillea Roubik, Lobo Segura, & Camargo. Representative bees at right (from top to bottom, not to same scale): Nogueirapismirandula (Cockerell), Scaptotrigona (Scaptotrigona) magdalenae Engel, Trigona (Necrotrigona) crassipes (Fabricius), Frieseomelittatrichocerata Moure, Plebeia (Nanoplebeia) pleres Engel, Melipona (Mouremelia) fuliginosa Lepeletier, Trigonisca (Trigonisca) mepecheu Engel & Gonzalez. Representative fossil bees (from top to bottom, not to same scale): Cretotrigonaprisca (Michener & Grimaldi) in Maastrichtian New Jersey amber, Proplebeiasilacea (Wille) in Miocene Chiapas amber. Images of fossil bees from Engel (2000a) and Engel et al. (2021a). All images M.S. Engel (used with permission).