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. 2023 Jul 27;1172:239–312. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.1172.104944

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Michael S. Engel, Claus Rasmussen, Ricardo Ayala, Favízia F. de Oliveira

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 4. — Phylogeny of subtribe Hypotrigonina (Old World Meliponini), summarized from Rasmussen and Cameron (2010), with hypothesized placements of Pariotrigona Moure and Ebaiotrigona Engel & Nguyen. Blue branches indicate African lineages, while red branches indicate Southeast Asian-Malesian-Papuasian-Australian lineages. Representative bees at right (from top to bottom, not to same scale): Hypotrigonagribodoi (Magretti), Ebaiotrigonacarpenteri (Engel), Austroplebeia (Austroplebeia) cincta (Mocsáry), Plebeinaarmata (Magretti), Geniotrigonalacteifasciata (Cameron), Tetragonula (Tetragonula) malaipanae Engel, Michener, & Boontop. Representative fossil bees (from top to bottom, not to same scale): Liotrigona (Tapheiotrigona) aethiopica Engel in Miocene Ethiopian amber, Liotrigonopsisrozeni Engel in Eocene Baltic amber, Tetragonula (Tetragonula) florilega Engel in Miocene Zhangpu amber. Images of bees from Engel et al. (2021a), Engel and Aber (2022), Engel (2001a), and Rasmussen et al. (2017). All images M.S. Engel (used with permission).