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. 2023 Aug 3;13(8):e063826. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063826

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Association of any ACE exposure with risk of pregnancy complications. ACE, adverse childhood experience; ES, effect size; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; GWG, gestational weight gain; HDP, hypertensive disorder of pregnancy.