. 2023 Aug 3;13(8):e063826. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063826

Table 2.

Summary of published measures of effect

1	Appleton et al, 2019³⁷	Depression	ACEs score (continuous)	Pearson’s correlation coefficients (0.37)
2	Versteegen et al, 2021¹⁶	GDM	ACEs total	1.05 (0.98 to 1.14)
2	Versteegen et al, 2021¹⁶	GDM	ACEs binary	2.85 (1.15 to 7.06)
3	Stanhope et al, 2020⁸	GDM	ACEs 4+	1.03 (0.71 to 1.49)
		GDM	Continuous ACE score	0.96 (0.88 to 1.04)
		HDP	ACEs 4+	1.03 (0.71 to 1.49)
		HDP	Continuous ACE score	1.03 (0.71 to 1.49)
4	Schoenaker et al, 2019	GDM	3 ACEs	1.73 (1.02 to 3.01)
4	Schoenaker et al, 2019	GDM	≥4 ACEs	1.76 (1.04 to 2.99)
5	Mason et al, 2016³⁵	GDM	Mild physical abuse	1.08 (0.96 to 1.22)
			Moderate physical abuse	11.16 (1.04 to 1.29)
			Severe physical abuse	1.42 (1.21 to 1.66).
			Forced sexual activity	1.30 (1.14 to 1.49)
			Combined	1.42 (1.21 to 1.66)
6	Bala et al, 2020⁵¹	GDM	≥3 ACEs	1.24 (0.81 to 1.90)
6	Bala et al, 2020⁵¹	GDM	1–2 ACEs	1.18 (0.90 to 1.55)
7	McDonnell et al, 2014³⁶	GDM		GDM not correlated with ACE indicators
8	Ranchod et al, 2016⁵⁴	GWG	Physical abuse	1.2 (1.1 to 1.4)
			Household alcohol abuse	1.2 (1.1 to 1.3)
			Household mental illness	1.1 (0.9 to 1.2).
9	Fredriksen et al, 2017¹⁵	Depression	ACEs continuous	1.3 (0.92 to 1.82)
10	Hantsoo et al,2019²⁸	Depression	<2 ACES	EPDS (median (IQR)): 5 (3–6)
10	Hantsoo et al,2019²⁸	Depression	≥2 ACES	EPDS (median (IQR)): 3 (1.5–6.0)
11	Howell et al, 2020²⁹	Depression	ACEs continuous	Adverse childhood experiences had a direct effect on depression, B=1.11, SE=0.44, p=0.01
12	Letourneau et al, 2019³⁰	Depression	ACEs continuous	Maternal ACEs were associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression during pregnancy
13	Narayan et al, 2018³¹	Depression	ACEs continuous	Maternal ACEs were associated with depression during pregnancy (β=0.32, p<0.01)
14	Racine et al, 2020³²	Depression	ACEs continuous	1.26 (1.12 to 1.43)
15	Young-Wolff et al, 2019³³	Depression	3+ ACEs	3.08 (1.12 to 7.39)
15	Young-Wolff et al, 2019³³	Depression	1–2 ACEs	2.42 (1.09 to 5.41)
16	Barrios et al, 2015⁴¹	Depression		2.07 (1.58 to 2.71)

ACEs, adverse childhood experiences; EPSD, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; GWG, gestational weight gain; HDP, hypertensive disorder of pregnancy.