Table 3.

Summary of published measures of effect

SI#	First author/pub date	Outcomes	Types of ACEs and analytical unit	Findings (OR, 95% CI)
1	Christiaens et al, 201534	Preterm birth	High ACE score (≥2 ACE)	2.09 (1.10 to 3.98)
			ACEs score (continuous)	1.18 (0.99 to 1.40)
2	Grimstad et al,199944	Preterm birth	Sexual abuse	1.03 (0.44 to 2.4)
		Low birth weight	Sexual abuse	1.21 (0.5 to 2.93)
3	Noll et al, 200745	Preterm birth	Sexual abuse	2.16 (0.77 to 6.06)
4	Leeners et al, 201446	Preterm birth	Sexual abuse	2.47 (1.11 to 5.51)
5	Selk et al, 201647	Preterm birth	Severe physical only	1.02 (0.88 to 0.17)
			Forced sex only	1.22 (1.1 to 1.35)
			Experienced both severe abuse types	1.35 (1.13 to 1.62)
6	Harville et al, 201048	Preterm birth	Financial/structural hardship	1.20 (0.90 to 1.60)
			No interest in education	1.17 (0.93 to 1.48)
			Family dysfunction	1.20 (0.94 to 1.52)
			Lack of supportive caregiving	0.98 (0.81 to 1.19)
			Violence/mental health issues	1.24 (0.94 to 1.63)
			Issues of family structure	1.25 (1.02 to 1.54)
			No. of hardships (≥4)	1.45 (1.09 to 1.93)
		Low birth weight	Financial/structural hardship	1.18 (0.88 to 1.60)
			No interest in education	1.18 (0.88 to 1.60)
			Family dysfunction	1.18 (0.88 to 1.60)
			Lack of supportive caregiving	1.18 (0.88 to 1.60)
			Violence/mental health issues	1.48 (1.12 to 1.96)
			Issues of family structure	1.48 (1.12 to 1.96)
			No. of hardships (≥4)	1.48 (1.12 to 1.96)
11	Miller et al, 201749	Birth outcomes	Childhood economic hardship	Mother’s hardship independently associated with multiple adverse birth outcomes
12	Mersky et al, 201942	Preterm birth	ACE scores (continuous)	1.07 (1.01 to 1.12)
			1 or 2 ACEs	1.22 (0.79 to 1.89)
			3 or 4 ACEs	1.29 (0.82 to 2.02)
			5 or more ACEs	1.46 (0.95 to 2.26)
		Low birth weight	ACE scores (continuous)	1.08 (1.03 to 1.15)
			1 or 2 ACEs	0.98 (0.62 to 1.56)
			3 or 4 ACEs	1.22 (0.76 to 1.96)
			5 or more ACEs	1.39 (0.88 to 2.19)
		Pregnancy loss	ACE scores (continuous)	1.12 (1.08 to 1.17)
			1 or 2 ACEs	0.93 (0.66 to 1.31)
			3 or 4 ACEs	1.27 (0.89 to 1.80)
			5 or more ACEs	1.27 (0.89 to 1.80)
14	Cammack et al, 201850	Low birth weight	Emotional abuse	0.88 (0.66 to 1.00) Cohen’s kappas (95% CI)
			Physical abuse	0.50 (0.01 to 0.99)
			Sexual abuse	0.75 (0.43 to 1.00)
			Emotional neglect	0.59 (0.18 to 1.00)
			Physical neglect	0.28 (−0.16 to 0.73)
		Preterm birth	Emotional abuse	0.78 (0.55 to 1.00)
			Physical abuse	0.69 (0.36 to 1.00)
			Sexual abuse	0.78 (0.55 to 1.00)
			Emotional neglect	0.44 (0.12 to 0.77)
			Physical neglect	0.39 (−0.03 to 0.81)
		NICU admission	Emotional abuse	0.58 (0.25 to 0.91)
			Physical abuse	0.28 (−0.15 to 0.71)
			Sexual abuse	0.73 (0.45 to 1.00)
			Emotional neglect	0.55 (0.20 to 0.90)
			Physical neglect	0.55 (0.20 to 0.90)
16	Ben Salah et al, 201938	Preterm birth low birth weight	ACEs continuous	After adjustment for high-risk pregnancies, environmental tobacco smoke, and intra-familial ACEs, the risk of premature birth was significantly associated with exposure to collective violence (p<0.001) and witnessing community violence (p<0.05)
17	Bhengu et al, 201939	Preterm birth	ACEs continuous	1.21 (1.03 to 1.43)
18	Gillespie et al. 201752	Birth timing	ACEs continuous	Cumulative childhood stress predicted birth timing (p=0.01)
19	Leeners et al, 201446	Preterm birth		CSA, physical abuse as well as other ACEs were associated with an increased risk for premature delivery
21	Shaikh et al, 201940	Preterm birth	ACEs continuous	We found no association between ACE and preterm birth
22	Smith et al, 2016	Birth weight and shorter gestational age	ACEs continuous	Each additional ACE decreased birth weight by 16.33 g and decreased gestational age by 0.063
32	Hardcastle et al, 202255	Preterm birth	1 ACE	0.80 (0.32 to 2.00)
			2–3 ACEs	1.17 (0.46 to 2.97)
			≥4 ACEs	2.67 (1.14 to 6.23)

ACEs, adverse childhood experiences; CSA, child sexual abuse; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit.