Carnosine aldehyde conjugates detected in the rectus abdominus muscle. Levels of carnosine propanal in the (A) male: Controls (n = 17), weight stable (WS; n = 22) and weight losing (WS; n = 19) upper gastrointestinal cancer (UGIC) patients. (B) Female: Controls (n = 20), WS (n = 13) and WL (n = 11) UGIC patients, and (C) combined: Controls (n = 37), WS (n = 35) and WL (n = 30) UGIC patients. Data are shown as mean ± SD, *P = 0.010 and 0.029 in the male WS and WL UGIC patients versus controls, #
P = 0.033 in the female WL UGIC patients versus female controls, and ^
P = 0.027 versus female WS UGIC patients, and δ
P = 0.015 versus all controls. Levels of carnosine propanol conjugates in the (D) male, (E) female, and (F) combined controls, WS and WL UGIC patients. Data are shown as mean ± SD, *P = 0.020 in WS UGIC male patients versus control and #
P = 0.008 in the WL UGIC patients versus female controls.