Table 1.
Articles with cases included in this review.
| Article | Number of cases |
|---|---|
| Martland (1928) (1) | 1 |
| Parker (1934) (2) | 3 |
| Critchley (1949) (3) | 7 |
| Raevuori-Nallinmaa (1950) (4) | 2 |
| Critchley (1957) (5) | 7 |
| Neubuerger, Sinton, and Denst (1959) (6) | 2 |
| Courville (1962) (7) | 1 |
| Spillane (1962) (8) | 5 |
| Mawdsley and Ferguson (1963) (9) | 10 |
| Payne (1968) (10) | 6 |
| Roberts (1969) (11) | 11 |
| Johnson (1969) (12) | 15 |
| Corsellis, Bruton, and Freeman-Browne (1973) (13) | 15 |
| Harvey and Newsome Davis (1974) (14) | 1 |
| Kaste et al. (1982) (15) | 14 |
| Casson et al. (1984) (16) | 18 |
| Hof et al. (1992) (17) | 3 |
| Jordan, Kanik, Horwich et al. (1995) (18) | 1 |
| Jordan et al. (1997) (19) | 30 |
| Geddes, Vowles, Nicoll et al. (1999) (20) | 4* |
| Newell and Drachman (1999) (21) | 1 |
There were 26 articles that included 163 people who were initially identified for this review (1–26); however some cases presented were duplicates and some were not boxers. *These articles included cases that were duplicates or cases that were not boxers (or former athletes). Duplicates included two cases from Corsellis and Brierley (1959) (22) (cases #21 and #22; see Supplementary material) (22), who were also included in Corsellis et al. (1973) (cases #82 and 85) (13). The cases from Corsellis and Brierley (1959) (22) are included in the Supplementary material but they are not included in the statistical analyses for this paper; more clinical details from the 1973 article were provided relating to these cases. A case presented in Geddes et al. (1996) (#127) (23) was also a duplicate in Geddes et al. (1999) (#159) (20). The Geddes et al. (1999) (20) case was included in the statistical analyses. For those who were not boxers, two cases included women, one who experienced prolonged interpersonal violence (case #121) (from Roberts et al., 1990) (25) and another who had history of Autism and severe head banging behavior (case #122). Additionally, there were two men, one described as having intellectual disability and an intractable seizure disorder in Geddes et al. (1999) (20) (case #162) and another who was diagnosed with Autism and severe head banging behavior (case #161). Finally, there was also a case described as an ‘achondroplastic dwarf’ who was a circus clown with severe alcoholism and multiple head injuries in Williams and Tannenberg, 1996 (case #128) (26). These eight aforementioned cases are included in the supplement, but they are not included in the statistical analyses. Johnson (1969) (12) states that 10 cases were already reported by Mawdsley and Ferguson (1963) (9) and were assessed 4–5 years later. However, he does not state which 10 cases these are. Therefore, we assume that some of these cases are not unique cases—they are follow-up cases from Mawdsley and Ferguson. Therefore, in summary, case numbers #21, 22, 121, 122, 127, 128, 161, and 162 (from the Supplementary material) were not included in the statistical analyses, leaving a total of 155 boxers for analysis (from 21 articles).