Table 1.
COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Responses Among the IMID Population
| Study Citation | Study Type | Vaccine(s) | IMID Population | Seropositivity Rates | T-Cell Response Rates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 Doses | |||||
| Jena et al, 2022 [8] | Meta-analysis | mRNA | 11 studies of patients with IMIDs (n = 1297), including 7 studies of patients with RA (n = 488) and 3 studies of patients with SpA (n = 101) | 88% (95% CI, 81%–92%) Patients with RA: 80% (95% CI, 65%–89%) Patients with SpA: 96% (95% CI, 83%–99%) Patients receiving rituximab: 30% (95% CI, 14%–52%) |
Not reported |
| Sakuraba et al, 2021 [18] | Meta-analysis | mRNA | 18 studies of patients with IMIDs (n = 2534), including 7 studies of patients with rheumatic diseases (n = 1702) | 83% (95% CI, 77%–88%) Patients with rheumatic diseases: 80% (95% CI, 68%–89%) |
Not reported |
| Deepak et al, 2021 [19] | Prospective cohort study in the United States (COVaRiPAD) | BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 | 133 patients with chronic inflammatory diseases: 42 (32%) with IBD, 38 (29%) with RA, 20 (15%) with SpA,a and 33 (25%) with a range of other diseases |
89% (118/133) Patients receiving B-cell–depleting therapy: 60% (6/10) Patients receiving glucocorticoids: 65% (11/17) |
Not reported |
| 53 immunocompetent participants | 100% (53/53) | Not reported | |||
| Siero Santos et al, 2021 [20] | Longitudinal study in Spain | BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 | 147 patients with immune-mediated rheumatic diseases: 55 (37%) with RA, 44 (30%) with SLE, 24 (16%) with systemic sclerosis, and 24 (16%) with Sjogren's disease |
63% (93/147) Patients without immunosuppression: 80% (38/47) Patients receiving immunosuppressants: 55% (55/100) Patients receiving abatacept: 10% (1/10) Patients receiving rituximab: 31% (5/16) Patients receiving rituximab + methotrexate: 30% (3/10) |
CD4: 59% (87/147) CD8: 61% (89/147) Patients receiving immunosuppressants: CD4: 52% (52/100) CD8: 53% (53/100) Patients without immunosuppression: CD4: 75% (35/47) CD8: 77% (36/47) Patients receiving abatacept: CD4: 10% (1/10) CD8: 20% (2/10) Patients receiving rituximab: CD4: 50% (8/16) CD8: 50% (8/16) Patients receiving rituximab + methotrexate: CD4: 50% (5/10) CD8: 50% (5/10) |
| 50 healthy controls | 100% (50/50) | CD4: 100% (50/50) CD8: 92% (46/50) |
|||
| Syversen et al, 2022 [21] | Prospective study in Norway (Nor-vaC) | BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, or ChAdOx1nCoV-19 (first dose only) | 1647 patients with IMIDs (excluding those on CD20-depleting therapy): 475 (29%) with IBD, 566 (34%) with RA, 305 (19%) with SpA, and 295 (18%) with PsA | 91% (1504/1647) Patients with RA: 89% (503/566) Patients with SpA: 89% (271/305) Patients with PsA: 97% (286/295) BNT162b2: 89% (1026/1152) mRNA-1273: 98% (391/401) Patients receiving abatacept: 53% (8/15) |
Not reported |
| 1114 healthy controls | 98% (1096/1114) | Small subset examined (20/1114): CD4: 100% (20/20) CD8: 100% (20/20) |
|||
| Jyssum et al, 2022 [22] | 87 patients with RA receiving rituximab (CD20-depleting therapy) | 22% (19/87) | Small subset examined (20/87): CD4: 53% (10/19) CD8: 74% (14/19) |
||
| Kondo et al, 2022 [23] | Prospective study in Japan | BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 | 974 patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases (796 received BNT162b2; 178 received mRNA-1273) | 86% (836/974) BNT162b2: 83% (663/796) mRNA-1273: 97% (173/178) |
Not reported |
| 630 healthy controls (all received BNT162b2) | 99.5% (627/630) | Not reported | |||
| Schreiber et al, 2022 [24] | Prospective study in Denmark (DECODIR) | BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 | 243 patients with inflammatory rheumatoid diseases: 142 (58%) with RA, 60 (25%) with PsA, and 39 (16%) with SpA |
70% (171/243) | Not reported |
| 3 Doses | |||||
| Syversen et al, 2022 [21] | Prospective study in Norway (Nor-vaC) | BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, or ChAdOx1nCoV-19 (first dose only) | 153 IMID patients with weak serologic response >3 wk after 2 doses: 52 (34%) with RA, 21 (14%) with PsA, 16 (10%) patients with SpA, and 64 (42%) with IBD | 94% (129/153) | Not reported |
| Jyssum et al, 2022 [22] | 49 patients with RA receiving rituximab (CD20-depleting therapy) with weak serologic response >3 wk after 2 doses | 16% (8/49) and a weak response observed in an additional 25% (12/49) | Small subset examined: CD4: 100% (12/12) CD8: 100% (12/12) |
||
| Azzolini et al, 2022 [25] | Observational study in Italy | mRNA-1273 | 48 patients with rheumatic diseases | >90% (numbers not reported) | Not reported |
| Kim et al, 2022 [26] | Observational cohort study in Korea | BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 | 57 patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases | 47% (27/57) had omicron neutralization | Not reported |
| Kartnig et al, 2022 [27] | Prospective study in Austria | BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 | 56 patients with IMIDs (excluding those on CD20-depleting therapy), including 25 (45%) with inflammatory arthritis | 91% (51/56) | Not reported |
| 47 healthy controls | 100% (47/47) | Not reported | |||
| 4–5 Doses | |||||
| Teles et al, 2022 [28] | Prospective observational study | BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 | 16 patients with autoimmune diseases | 100% (16/16) | Not reported |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis); IMID, immune-mediated inflammatory disease; PsA, psoriatic arthritis; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; SpA, spondyloarthropathy.
Axial spondyloarthritis, psoriatic arthritic/psoriasis, or IBD-associated arthritis.