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. 2023 Aug 4;21:253. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-02006-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Apoptosis in C6 glioma cells treated with ginseng-derived exosome like nanoparticles (GENs) and cellular uptake of GENs. a Cell apoptosis assay in C6 glioma cells by Annexin V/PI after treatment with GENs at concentrations ranging from 0.975 to 62.5 μg/mL for 24 h (the concentrations were determined by Bradford assay). b Cell viability after treatment with GENs at the indicated concentrations was expressed as a percentage of cells in the control group (three independent experiments). c Confocal fluorescence imaging showed the internalization of conventional liposomes made from egg yolk and GENs by C6 glioma cells. After incubating C6 glioma cells with DiD-labeled GENs for 6 h, the distribution of GENs was assessed. Nucleic acid and GENs were stained with Hoechst (blue) and DiD staining dye (red), respectively. d Cellular uptake of GENs after 6 h of incubation. e Measurement of uptake efficiency of GENs in cells for 24 h. f Quantitative PCR analysis for the mRNA expression of apoptosis-associated genes in C6 glioma cells treated with GENs. 50 µg/mL of GENs was treated in C6 glioma cells for 24 h and 48 h. The mRNA expression levels were normalized to those of GAPDH (housekeeping gene) and expressed as a ratio of the control group (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001)