Table 1.

Clinical trials of radiotherapy combined with immunotherapy

Clinical trial identification(study name)	Phase	Disease	Type of radiotherapy	Type of immunotherapy	Treatment design	Estimated enrollment	Primary outcome measures
NCT04913480	II	HCC	SBRT	Durvalumab (anti-PD-L1)	SBRT → durvalumab	37	Progression-free survival (PFS)
NCT05225116	I	HCC	Radiotherapy	Sintilimab (anti-PD-1)	(Sintilimab + lenvatinib) → radiotherapy	20	Safety (number of participants with adverse events)
NCT05185531	I	HCC	SBRT	Tislelizumab (anti-PD-1)	Neoadjuvant tislelizumab + SBRT	20	ORR, pCR (pathological complete response), pPR (pathological partial response), MPR (major pathologic response)
NCT04169399	II	HCC	SBRT	Toripalimab (anti-PD-1)	Toripalimab + sBRT	30	PFS
NCT04709380	III	Advanced HCC	Radiotherapy	Toripalimab (anti-PD-1)	(Radiotherapy + toripalimab) vs sorafenib	85	Time to progression (TTP)
NCT03482102	II	HCC	Radiation	Durvalumab (anti-PD-L1) and Tremelimumab (anti-CTLA-4)	Tremelimumab + durvalumab + radiation	70	Overall response rate (ORR)
NCT03316872	II	HCC	SBRT	Pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1)	Pembrolizumab + SBRT	30	Overall response rate (ORR)
NCT05530785	II	Non-resectable HCC	Radiotherapy	Sintilimab (anti-PD-1)	radiotherapy + (sintilimab and bevacizumab biosimilar)	35	Overall response rate (ORR)
NCT04104074	I	HCC	Radiotherapy	Sintilimab (anti-PD-1)	Radiotherapy + sintilimab	20	Safety (number of participants with adverse events)
NCT03857815	II	HCC	SBRT	Sintilimab (anti-PD-1)	SBRT + sintilimab	30	PFS
NCT04857684	I	HCC	SBRT	Atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1)	SBRT + atezolizumab + bevacizumab	20	Safety (number of participants with adverse events)
NCT03203304	I	HCC	SBRT	Nivolumab (anti-PD-1) and Ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4)	SBRT + nivolumab OR SBRT + nivolumab + ipilimumab	14	Safety (number of participants with adverse events)
NCT05096715	I	Non-resectable HCC	SBRT	Atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1)	SBRT + atezolizumab + bevacizumab	20	Dose limiting toxicity rate
NCT04611165	II	Advanced HCC	EBRT (External beam radiotherapy)	Nivolumab (anti-PD-1)	Nivolumab → EBRT	50	PFS
NCT04850157	II	HCC with portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT)	Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)	Tislelizumab (anti-PD-1)	Tislelizumab + IMRT	30	Relapse-free survival ( RFS)
NCT04167293	II	HCC	SBRT	Sintilimab (anti-PD-1)	SBRT or SBRT + sintilimab	116	PFS
NCT05010434	II	Recurrent HCC	Radiotherapy	Sintilimab (anti-PD-1)	Radiotherapy + sintilimab + bevacizumab	46	Overall response rate (ORR)
NCT05366829	II	HCC	Radiotherapy	Toripalimab (anti-PD-1)	Radiotherapy + tislelizumab	35	Safety (number of participants with adverse events)
NCT04430452	II	Advanced HCC	Hypofractionated radiotherapy (HPT)	Durvalumab (anti-PD-L1) and Tremelimumab (anti-CTLA-4)	HPT + durvalumab ± tremelimumab	30	Overall response rate (ORR)
NCT03380130	II	HCC	Selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) using Y-90-loaded microspheres	Nivolumab (anti-PD-1)	SIRT + nivolumab	41	Incidence of adverse event
NCT05625893	II	HCC	proton beam therapy (PBT)	Atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1)	PBT → (atezolizumab + bevacizumab)	63	Incidence of adverse event, PFS
NCT04547452	II	Stage IV HCC	SBRT	Sintilimab (anti-PD-1)	SBRT + sintilimab OR sintilimab	84	PFS
NCT05377034	II	Locally Advanced HCC	SIRT	Atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1)	SIRT + atezolizumab + bevacizumab	176	Best overall response rate (BORR)
NCT05701488	I	HCC	SIRT	Durvalumab (anti-PD-L1) and Tremelimumab (anti-CTLA-4)	Durvalumab + tremelimumab vs durvalumab + tremelimumab + SIRT	20	Safety (number of participants with adverse events)
NCT02837029	I	Stage IIIA—IVB HCC	SIRT	Nivolumab (anti-PD-1)	SIRT + nivolumab	27	Maximum tolerated dose (MTD), overall response rate (ORR)
NCT04785287	I/II	Metastatic liver carcinoma	SBRT	Nivolumab (anti-PD-1) and BMS986218 (anti-CTLA-4)	SBRT + BMS986218 ± nivolumab	13	Incidence of adverse event