Table 9.

Summary of innovative applications of liquid biopsy and key studies in the context of immunotherapy

Localized Disease
	Type of analysis	Study	ICI Treatment	Tumor
Neoadjuvant ICI: Stratification/early assessment of efficacy	ctDNA MRD	CheckMate-816 trial Forde PM, 2022 [251]	Nivolumab + platinum-based CT or platinum-based CT alone, followed by resection	NSCLC
Adjuvant ICI: Stratification/early assessment of disease recurrence	ctDNA MRD	IMvigor010 trial Powles T, 2021 [149]	Atezolizumab vs observation	Urothelial carcinoma
		IMpower010 study (exploratory analyses) Felip E., 2022 [252]	CT followed by atezolizumab vs best supportive care	NSCLC
Advanced/Metastatic Diseased
Treatment selection	Baseline bTMB	CheckMate 848 He et al., 2022 Schenker et al., 2022 [253, 254]	Nivolumab + ipilimumab vs nivolumab monotherapy	Pan-cancer
		B-F1RST Kim et al., 2022 [156]	Atezolizumab	NSCLC
		BFAST Peters et al., 2022 [252]	Atezolizumab vs chemotherapy	NSCLC
		NEPTUNE de Castro Jr et al., 2022 [255]	Durvalumab and tremelimumab vs chemotherapy	NSCLC
		MYSTIC Si et al., 2021 [256]	Durvalumab and tremelimumab vs chemotherapy	NSCLC
		Wang et al., 2019 [257]	Anti-PD-1/PD-L1	NSCLC
		OAK/POPLAR Gandara et al., 2018 [155]	Atezolizumab vs docetaxel	NSCLC
		Khagi et al., 2017 [258]	Anti-PD1/PDL1/CTLA4	Pan-cancer
Treatment selection	Baseline bMSI	Georgiadis A, 2019 [259]	PD-1 Blockade	Pan-cancer
		Willis J, 2019 [158]	Immune Checkpoint Blockade	Pan-cancer
		KEYNOTE-016 study Le DT, 2015 [167]	Pembrolizumab	Colorectal/not colorectal cancers
Early monitoring of response/resistance to ICI	ctDNA longitudinal monitoring	Bratman SV, 2020 [260]	Pembrolizumab	Pan-cancer
		Váraljai R, 2020 [261]	Immune Checkpoint Blockade/Targeted Therapy	Melanoma
		Guibert N, 2019 [262]	Immune Checkpoint Blockade	NSCLC
		Goldberg SB, 2018 [263]	Immune Checkpoint Blockade	NSCLC
		Kim ST, 2018 [264]	PD-1 Blockade	Gastric Cancer

CT Chemotherapy, MRD Minimal Residual Disease, NSCLC Non-small cell lung cancer