Table 3.
Associations of determinants with growth failure
| Variable | Stunted n (%) | Not stunted n (%) | Wasted n (%) | Not wasted n (%) | Underweight n (%) | Not underweight n (%) | BMI≤-2 SD n (%) | -1.99 SD to normal BMI n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Sex
| ||||||||
| Male |
17 654* (21.6%) |
64 185 (78.4%) |
5680* (7.0%) |
76 038 (93.0%) |
11 397* (13.7%) |
71 563 (86.3%) |
5023* (6.2%) |
76 613 (93.8%) |
| Female |
15 612 (20.0%) |
62 626 (80.0%) |
4569 (5.9%) |
73 501 (94.1%) |
10 003 (12.6%) |
69 192 (87.4%) |
4323 (5.5%) |
73 737 (94.5%) |
|
Age of child
| ||||||||
| 0-1 |
3751* (12.5%) |
26 171 (87.5%) |
2581* (8.6%) |
27 268 (91.4%) |
3347* (11.0%) |
27 217 (89.0%) |
2811* (9.4%) |
27 233 (90.6%) |
| 1-2 |
6978 (22.9%) |
23 528 (77.1%) |
2177 (7.1%) |
28 402 (92.9%) |
4178 (13.5%) |
26 882 (86.5%) |
1789 (5.9%) |
28 696 (94.1%) |
| 2-3 |
8422 (26.4%) |
23426 (73.6%) |
1865 (5.9%) |
29910 (94.1%) |
4857 (15.0%) |
27 514 (85.0%) |
1574 (5.0%) |
30 114 (95.0%) |
| 3-4 |
7870 (23.0%) |
26366 (77.0%) |
1739 (5.1%) |
32398 (94.9%) |
4633 (13.4%) |
29 834 (86.6%) |
1516 (4.5%) |
32 517 (95.5%) |
| 4-5 |
6245 (18.6%) |
27320 (81.4%) |
1887 (5.6%) |
31561 (94.4%) |
4385 (13.0%) |
29 308 (87.0%) |
1656 (5.0%) |
31 790 (95.0%) |
|
Wealth index tercile
| ||||||||
| Poorest |
18 324* (23.9%) |
58 191 (76.1%) |
5246* (6.9%) |
71 191 (93.1%) |
5492* (10.4%) |
47 408 (89.6%) |
2907* (5.6%) |
49 087 (94.4%) |
| Middle |
6358 (20.2%) |
25 060 (79.8%) |
1932 (6.2%) |
29 416 (93.8%) |
4095 (12.9%) |
27 714 (87.1%) |
1763 (5.6%) |
29 576 (94.4%) |
| Richest |
8584 (16.5%) |
43 560 (83.5%) |
3071 (5.9%) |
48 932 (94.1%) |
11 823 (15.3%) |
65 633 (84.7%) |
4676 (6.1%) |
71 687 (93.9%) |
|
Health insurance
| ||||||||
| Without |
22 019* (24.7%) |
67 296 (75.3%) |
6802* (7.6%) |
82 429 (92.4%) |
14 526* (16.1%) |
75 806 (83.9%) |
6089* (6.8%) |
83 073 (93.2%) |
| With |
2168 (7.8%) |
25 678 (92.2%) |
775 (2.8%) |
26 960 (97.2%) |
864 (3.0%) |
27 519 (97.0%) |
827 (3.0%) |
26 867 (97.0%) |
|
Mother’s education
| ||||||||
| Primary or none |
20 988* (27.0%) |
56 692 (73.0%) |
6295* (8.1%) |
71 303 (91.9%) |
14 164* (18.0%) |
64 327 (82.0%) |
5629* (7.3%) |
71 888 (92.7%) |
| Secondary |
6753 (17.7%) |
31 344 (82.3%) |
2086 (5.5%) |
35 937 (94.5%) |
4253 (11.0%) |
34 429 (89.0%) |
1930 (5.1%) |
36 078 (94.9%) |
| Higher |
2471 (9.7%) |
23 043 (90.3%) |
824 (3.2%) |
24 593 (96.8%) |
1092 (4.2%) |
24 797 (95.8%) |
854 (3.4%) |
24 564 (96.6%) |
|
Area
| ||||||||
| Rural |
23 997* (25.5%) |
69 960 (74.5%) |
7111* (7.6%) |
86 753 (92.4%) |
16 040* (16.9%) |
79 043 (83.1%) |
6327* (6.7%) |
87 488 (93.3%) |
| Urban |
9143 (14.1%) |
55 622 (85.9%) |
3115 (4.8%) |
61 468 (95.2%) |
5317 (8.1%) |
60 378 (91.9%) |
2992 (4.6%) |
61 550 (95.4%) |
|
Child drank plain water yesterday
| ||||||||
| No |
2640* (17.9%) |
12 116 (82.1%) |
1371* (9.3%) |
13 319 (90.7%) |
2093* (13.9%) |
12 996 (86.1%) |
1376* (9.3%) |
13 439 (90.7%) |
| Yes |
9094 (18.9%) |
38 914 (81.1%) |
3636 (7.6%) |
44 442 (92.4%) |
6091 (12.5%) |
42 795 (87.5%) |
3416 (7.1%) |
44 636 (92.9%) |
|
Child drank any other liquid yesterday
| ||||||||
| No |
10 124* (18.5%) |
44 597 (81.5%) |
4371 (8.0%) |
50 350 (92.0%) |
7100 (12.7%) |
48 691 (87.3%) |
4191 (7.6%) |
50 641 (92.4%) |
| Yes |
1593 (20.1%) |
6336 (79.9%) |
624 (7.9%) |
7304 (92.1%) |
1072 (13.3%) |
6994 (86.7%) |
584 (7.4%) |
7330 (92.6%) |
|
Physical caregiving
| ||||||||
| Poor (score 3 and below) |
7688* (25.6%) |
22 293 (74.4%) |
1903* (6.4%) |
27 993 (93.6%) |
4883* (16.2%) |
25 342 (83.8%) |
1598* (5.4%) |
28 256 (94.6%) |
| Middle (score 4 to 5) |
11 949* (22.5%) |
41 130 (77.5%) |
3014 (5.7%) |
49 955 (94.3%) |
7278 (13.6%) |
46 302 (86.4%) |
2598 (4.9%) |
50 249 (95.1%) |
| Good (score 6) |
9657* (20.9%) |
36 600(79.1%) |
2694 (5.8%) |
43 542 (94.2%) |
5750 (12.2%) |
41 190 (87.8%) |
2289 (5.0%) |
43 824 (95.0%) |
|
Explained why behaviour was wrong
| ||||||||
| No |
10 119* (27.3%) |
26 883 (72.7%) |
2777* (7.5%) |
34 220 (92.5%) |
6451 *(17.2%) |
31 043 (82.8%) |
2284* (6.2%) |
34 622 (93.8%) |
| Yes |
19 355 (20.8%) |
73 644 (79.2%) |
4877 (5.3%) |
87 912 (94.7%) |
11 578 (12.3%) |
82 363 (87.7%) |
4237 (4.6%) |
88 356 (95.4%) |
|
Carbohydrate consumption yesterday
| ||||||||
| Ate none |
3860* (17.2%) |
18 633 (82.8%) |
2249* (10.1%) |
20 112 (89.9%) |
3242* (14.1%) |
19 736 (85.9%) |
2333* (10.3%) |
20 216 (89.7%) |
| Ate one of grains or roots |
4714 (19.9%) |
18 992 (80.1%) |
1680 (7.1%) |
22 095 (92.9%) |
2986 (12.4%) |
21 104 (87.6%) |
1489 (6.3%) |
22 221 (93.7%) |
| Ate both grains and roots |
2920 (16.1%) |
15 229 (83.9%) |
940 (5.2%) |
17 267 (94.8%) |
1607 (8.7%) |
16 915 (91.3%) |
887 (4.9%) |
17 288 (95.1%) |
|
Child ate green leafy vegetables yesterday
| ||||||||
| No |
8555* (16.6%) |
42 872 (83.4%) |
3826* (7.4%) |
47 550 (92.6%) |
5926* (11.3%) |
46 507 (88.7%) |
3771 (7.3%) |
47 732 (92.7%) |
| Yes |
2949 (22.7%) |
10 026 (77.3%) |
1049 (8.1%) |
11 973 (91.9%) |
1921 (14.5%) |
11 292 (85.5%) |
942 (7.3%) |
12 044 (92.7%) |
|
Child ever been breastfed
| ||||||||
| No |
1756* (23.7%) |
5652 (76.3%) |
510 (6.9%) |
6892 (93.1%) |
1079* (14.3%) |
6479 (85.7%) |
459 (6.2%) |
6930 (93.8%) |
| Yes |
17 367 (20.5%) |
67 326 (79.5%) |
6107 (7.2%) |
78 521 (92.8%) |
11 292 (13.1%) |
74 969 (86.9%) |
5710 (6.7%) |
78 947 (93.3%) |
|
Child still being breastfed
| ||||||||
| No |
7370 (20.7%) |
28 212 (79.3%) |
1612* (4.5%) |
33 920 (95.5%) |
3658* (10.1%) |
32 511 (89.9%) |
1472* (4.2%) |
33 977 (95.8%) |
| Yes | 9991 (20.4%) | 39 088 (79.6%) | 4491 (9.2%) | 44 573 (90.8%) | 7630 (15.2%) | 42 429 (84.8%) | 4234 (8.6%) | 44 942 (91.4%) |
BMI – body mass index, SD – standard deviation
*Indicates significant χ2 result (P < 0.05) for the variable.