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. 2023 Aug 4;13:04077. doi: 10.7189/jogh.13.04077

Table 3.

Associations of determinants with growth failure

Variable Stunted n (%) Not stunted n (%) Wasted n (%) Not wasted n (%) Underweight n (%) Not underweight n (%) BMI≤-2 SD n (%) -1.99 SD to normal BMI n (%)
Sex
Male
17 654* (21.6%)
64 185 (78.4%)
5680* (7.0%)
76 038 (93.0%)
11 397* (13.7%)
71 563 (86.3%)
5023* (6.2%)
76 613 (93.8%)
Female
15 612 (20.0%)
62 626 (80.0%)
4569 (5.9%)
73 501 (94.1%)
10 003 (12.6%)
69 192 (87.4%)
4323 (5.5%)
73 737 (94.5%)
Age of child
0-1
3751* (12.5%)
26 171 (87.5%)
2581* (8.6%)
27 268 (91.4%)
3347* (11.0%)
27 217 (89.0%)
2811* (9.4%)
27 233 (90.6%)
1-2
6978 (22.9%)
23 528 (77.1%)
2177 (7.1%)
28 402 (92.9%)
4178 (13.5%)
26 882 (86.5%)
1789 (5.9%)
28 696 (94.1%)
2-3
8422 (26.4%)
23426 (73.6%)
1865 (5.9%)
29910 (94.1%)
4857 (15.0%)
27 514 (85.0%)
1574 (5.0%)
30 114 (95.0%)
3-4
7870 (23.0%)
26366 (77.0%)
1739 (5.1%)
32398 (94.9%)
4633 (13.4%)
29 834 (86.6%)
1516 (4.5%)
32 517 (95.5%)
4-5
6245 (18.6%)
27320 (81.4%)
1887 (5.6%)
31561 (94.4%)
4385 (13.0%)
29 308 (87.0%)
1656 (5.0%)
31 790 (95.0%)
Wealth index tercile
Poorest
18 324* (23.9%)
58 191 (76.1%)
5246* (6.9%)
71 191 (93.1%)
5492* (10.4%)
47 408 (89.6%)
2907* (5.6%)
49 087 (94.4%)
Middle
6358 (20.2%)
25 060 (79.8%)
1932 (6.2%)
29 416 (93.8%)
4095 (12.9%)
27 714 (87.1%)
1763 (5.6%)
29 576 (94.4%)
Richest
8584 (16.5%)
43 560 (83.5%)
3071 (5.9%)
48 932 (94.1%)
11 823 (15.3%)
65 633 (84.7%)
4676 (6.1%)
71 687 (93.9%)
Health insurance
Without
22 019* (24.7%)
67 296 (75.3%)
6802* (7.6%)
82 429 (92.4%)
14 526* (16.1%)
75 806 (83.9%)
6089* (6.8%)
83 073 (93.2%)
With
2168 (7.8%)
25 678 (92.2%)
775 (2.8%)
26 960 (97.2%)
864 (3.0%)
27 519 (97.0%)
827 (3.0%)
26 867 (97.0%)
Mother’s education
Primary or none
20 988* (27.0%)
56 692 (73.0%)
6295* (8.1%)
71 303 (91.9%)
14 164* (18.0%)
64 327 (82.0%)
5629* (7.3%)
71 888 (92.7%)
Secondary
6753 (17.7%)
31 344 (82.3%)
2086 (5.5%)
35 937 (94.5%)
4253 (11.0%)
34 429 (89.0%)
1930 (5.1%)
36 078 (94.9%)
Higher
2471 (9.7%)
23 043 (90.3%)
824 (3.2%)
24 593 (96.8%)
1092 (4.2%)
24 797 (95.8%)
854 (3.4%)
24 564 (96.6%)
Area
Rural
23 997* (25.5%)
69 960 (74.5%)
7111* (7.6%)
86 753 (92.4%)
16 040* (16.9%)
79 043 (83.1%)
6327* (6.7%)
87 488 (93.3%)
Urban
9143 (14.1%)
55 622 (85.9%)
3115 (4.8%)
61 468 (95.2%)
5317 (8.1%)
60 378 (91.9%)
2992 (4.6%)
61 550 (95.4%)
Child drank plain water yesterday
No
2640* (17.9%)
12 116 (82.1%)
1371* (9.3%)
13 319 (90.7%)
2093* (13.9%)
12 996 (86.1%)
1376* (9.3%)
13 439 (90.7%)
Yes
9094 (18.9%)
38 914 (81.1%)
3636 (7.6%)
44 442 (92.4%)
6091 (12.5%)
42 795 (87.5%)
3416 (7.1%)
44 636 (92.9%)
Child drank any other liquid yesterday
No
10 124* (18.5%)
44 597 (81.5%)
4371 (8.0%)
50 350 (92.0%)
7100 (12.7%)
48 691 (87.3%)
4191 (7.6%)
50 641 (92.4%)
Yes
1593 (20.1%)
6336 (79.9%)
624 (7.9%)
7304 (92.1%)
1072 (13.3%)
6994 (86.7%)
584 (7.4%)
7330 (92.6%)
Physical caregiving
Poor (score 3 and below)
7688* (25.6%)
22 293 (74.4%)
1903* (6.4%)
27 993 (93.6%)
4883* (16.2%)
25 342 (83.8%)
1598* (5.4%)
28 256 (94.6%)
Middle (score 4 to 5)
11 949* (22.5%)
41 130 (77.5%)
3014 (5.7%)
49 955 (94.3%)
7278 (13.6%)
46 302 (86.4%)
2598 (4.9%)
50 249 (95.1%)
Good (score 6)
9657* (20.9%)
36 600(79.1%)
2694 (5.8%)
43 542 (94.2%)
5750 (12.2%)
41 190 (87.8%)
2289 (5.0%)
43 824 (95.0%)
Explained why behaviour was wrong
No
10 119* (27.3%)
26 883 (72.7%)
2777* (7.5%)
34 220 (92.5%)
6451 *(17.2%)
31 043 (82.8%)
2284* (6.2%)
34 622 (93.8%)
Yes
19 355 (20.8%)
73 644 (79.2%)
4877 (5.3%)
87 912 (94.7%)
11 578 (12.3%)
82 363 (87.7%)
4237 (4.6%)
88 356 (95.4%)
Carbohydrate consumption yesterday
Ate none
3860* (17.2%)
18 633 (82.8%)
2249* (10.1%)
20 112 (89.9%)
3242* (14.1%)
19 736 (85.9%)
2333* (10.3%)
20 216 (89.7%)
Ate one of grains or roots
4714 (19.9%)
18 992 (80.1%)
1680 (7.1%)
22 095 (92.9%)
2986 (12.4%)
21 104 (87.6%)
1489 (6.3%)
22 221 (93.7%)
Ate both grains and roots
2920 (16.1%)
15 229 (83.9%)
940 (5.2%)
17 267 (94.8%)
1607 (8.7%)
16 915 (91.3%)
887 (4.9%)
17 288 (95.1%)
Child ate green leafy vegetables yesterday
No
8555* (16.6%)
42 872 (83.4%)
3826* (7.4%)
47 550 (92.6%)
5926* (11.3%)
46 507 (88.7%)
3771 (7.3%)
47 732 (92.7%)
Yes
2949 (22.7%)
10 026 (77.3%)
1049 (8.1%)
11 973 (91.9%)
1921 (14.5%)
11 292 (85.5%)
942 (7.3%)
12 044 (92.7%)
Child ever been breastfed
No
1756* (23.7%)
5652 (76.3%)
510 (6.9%)
6892 (93.1%)
1079* (14.3%)
6479 (85.7%)
459 (6.2%)
6930 (93.8%)
Yes
17 367 (20.5%)
67 326 (79.5%)
6107 (7.2%)
78 521 (92.8%)
11 292 (13.1%)
74 969 (86.9%)
5710 (6.7%)
78 947 (93.3%)
Child still being breastfed
No
7370 (20.7%)
28 212 (79.3%)
1612* (4.5%)
33 920 (95.5%)
3658* (10.1%)
32 511 (89.9%)
1472* (4.2%)
33 977 (95.8%)
Yes 9991 (20.4%) 39 088 (79.6%) 4491 (9.2%) 44 573 (90.8%) 7630 (15.2%) 42 429 (84.8%) 4234 (8.6%) 44 942 (91.4%)

BMI – body mass index, SD – standard deviation

*Indicates significant χ2 result (P < 0.05) for the variable.