TABLE 4.

Health Care Utilization and Charges 12 Months Before and 12 Months After Index Date for DCCM Versus Comparison Patients^a

	DCCM							Comparison							Difference
	Preperiod		Postperiod		Difference		Z Value b	Preperiod		Postperiod		Difference		Z Value b	Z Value c
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD		Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Utilization
Community	8.413	6.632	9.657	6.587	1.244	6.833	0.003	5.617	4.430	6.368	4.911	0.751	4.477	0.011	0.192
Inpatient	0.152	0.606	0.145	0.655	-0.007	0.686	0.547	0.033	0.179	0.041	0.244	0.008	0.298	0.990	0.559
Outpatient	3.861	6.473	5.023	6.241	1.162	6.806	<0.001	1.665	3.591	2.272	4.559	0.607	3.929	0.003	<0.001
Emergency	0.337	0.999	0.406	1.517	0.069	1.276	0.640	0.025	0.157	0.063	0.340	0.038	0.351	0.080	0.780
Charges ($)
Total	6,818	13,943	7,069	17,330	251	18,173	0.630	2,419	6,949	3,760	13,381	1,341	14,475	0.001	0.037
Inpatient	2,399	10,835	2,116	10,259	-283	12,336	0.475	545	5,090	757	5,919	212	7,719	0.545	0.322
Outpatient	4,419	7,194	4,953	9,680	534	10,414	<0.001	1,874	3,996	3,003	11,284	1,129	11,354	<0.001	0.017

^a Adjusted to 2012 real U.S. dollars.

^b Wilcoxon signed-rank test between periods.

^c Wilcoxon rank-sum test between groups.

DCCM = diabetes collaborative care management; SD = standard deviation.