Table 2.

Non-Pharmacological Options for Pain Management

Approach	Description
Physical Therapy	Focuses on sport exercises, muscle stretches, and manual techniques to improve overall mobility, strength, and body flexibility. Commonly used for managing pain associated with musculoskeletal conditions, injuries, or post-surgical recovery.111,112 Includes techniques such as massage, heat or cold therapy, ultrasound, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)113
Psychological Interventions	Involves cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to modify thoughts, emotions, and behaviors associated with pain.114 Equips individuals with coping strategies, relaxation techniques, and stress management skills to improve pain perception and functional outcomes. Effective for chronic pain conditions like fibromyalgia and chronic low back pain.30
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)	Includes practices such as acupuncture, mindfulness meditation, yoga, and herbal remedies. Acupuncture involves the insertion of thin needles into specific points on the body to stimulate pain relief. Mind-body techniques like mindfulness meditation and yoga emphasize relaxation, stress reduction, and improved body awareness to help individuals cope with pain symptoms. The effectiveness of CAM therapies varies, and some individuals find them beneficial in managing pain.115,116
Combination Approach	Non-pharmacological options can be used alongside pharmacological methods to enhance pain relief and improve overall well-being. By tailoring interventions to individual needs and preferences, healthcare providers can offer a comprehensive and personalized approach to pain management.