Table 5.

Univariable and multivariable associations of COVID-19-related diabetes-specific challenges and sociodemographic factors with depressive symptoms (PHQ-8) in Iranians with T1D before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

Challenge/Sociodemographic factor	BeforeCOVID-19			During COVID-19
	P	OR*	CI 95%	P	OR*	CI 95%
Univariable analysis
Difficulties accessing diabetes care	0.6898	1.217	0.464-2.747	0.0008	2.673	1.504-4.751
Difficulties accessing diabetes supplies or medication	<.0001	3.817	2.133-6.830	<.0001	3.520	1.931-6.417
Difficulties accessing healthy food	0.6498	1.233	0.499-3.049	0.0008	2.650	1.501-4.678
Difficulty accessing safe places for physical exercise	0.1044	1.754	0.890-3.460	0.0398	2.089	1.035-4.215
Difficulty paying for basic necessities	<.0001	3.284	1.844-5.849	<.0001	4.485	2.456-8.189
Job loss worries	0.0516	2.062	0.995-4.274	0.1041	1.735	0.893-3.370
Housing loss worries	0.1741	1.674	0.796-3.519	0.1647	1.692	0.806-3.554
Health insurance loss worries	0.0373	2.330	1.113-4.144	0.0226	2.148	1.113-4.144
Following recommended preventive measures for COVID-19				0.3107	1.840	0.566-5.984
Being tested for COVID-19				0.1003	1.932	0.881-4.236
Gender (ref=female)				0.2175	1.511	0.784-2.915
Age				0.0937	0.970	0.936-1.005
Education (ref=Graduate degree)
High school				0.0014	4.583	2.072-10.138
Associate degree					5.191	1.366-19.725
Bachelor degree					3.792	1.646-8.736
Marital status (ref=married)				0.2322	1.429	0.796-2.558
Residential area (ref=urban)				0.1804	2.053	0.717-5.879
Multivariable analysis
Difficulties accessing diabetes supplies or medication	<.0001	5.656	2.611-12.253
Difficulties accessing safe places physical exercise	0.0333	2.865	1.087-7.519
Difficulty paying for basic necessities				0.0004	4.953	2.035-12.053
Gender (ref=male)				0.0485	2.786	1.007-7.692
Education (ref=Graduate degree)
High school				0.0082	7.728	2.271-26.297
Associate degree					4.427	0.507-38.640
Bachelor degree					6.084	0.803-20.530

*Odds ratio for moderate/severe depression