Table 1.
Factors Associated with Drug Resistance in Low-Level Viral Load HIV-1 Infections in Guangdong Province, China (N = 2074)
| Variable | Number | DR, N(%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient | 2074 | 976(47.06) | ||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 1560 | 730(46.79) | 1.000 | |||
| Female | 514 | 246(47.86) | 1.044(0.855–1.274) | 0.675 | ||
| Age | ||||||
| <16 | 31 | 19(61.29) | 1.000 | |||
| 16–50 | 1414 | 684(48.37) | 0.592(0.285–1.228) | 0.159 | ||
| >50 | 629 | 273(43.4) | 0.484(0.231–1.015) | 0.055 | ||
| Delay of HAART initiation, Years | ||||||
| <1 | 1496 | 708(47.33) | 1.000 | |||
| 1~5 | 422 | 204(48.34) | 1.042(0.839–1.293) | 0.712 | ||
| >5 | 514 | 64(12.45) | 0.774(0.554–1.082) | 0.134 | ||
| Duration of HAART, Years | ||||||
| <1 | 312 | 104(33.33) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| 1~5 | 1188 | 559(47.05) | 1.777(1.368–2.309) | <0.001 | 1.806(1.376–2.370) | <0.001 |
| >5 | 574 | 313(54.53) | 2.398(1.800–3.196) | <0.001 | 2.374(1.755–3.211) | <0.001 |
| Initial treatment regimen | ||||||
| 2NRTIs+NNRTIs | 1792 | 875(48.83) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| 2NRTIs+PIs | 221 | 77(34.84) | 0.560(0.419–0.750) | <0.001 | 0.584(0.432–0.790) | <0.001 |
| INSTIs-including or Other | 61 | 24(39.34) | 0.680(0.403–1.146) | 0.147 | ||
| HIV transmission route | ||||||
| Heterosexual | 1106 | 500(45.2) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| IDU | 504 | 251(49.8) | 1.202(0.974–1.485) | 0.087 | ||
| MSM | 269 | 119(44.24) | 0.962(0.735–1.257) | 0.774 | ||
| Other | 89 | 50(56.18) | 1.554(1.006–2.401) | 0.047 | 1.439(0.921–2.249) | 0.110 |
| Unknown | 106 | 56(52.83) | 1.357(0.911–2.024) | 0.134 | ||
| Degree of education | ||||||
| Illiteracy | 90 | 44(48.89) | 1.000 | |||
| Primary school | 558 | 252(45.16) | 0.861(0.551–1.344) | 0.510 | ||
| Junior school | 949 | 460(48.47) | 0.983(0.638–1.516) | 0.940 | ||
| Senior school | 269 | 124(46.1) | 0.894(0.554–1.442) | 0.646 | ||
| College or above | 143 | 55(38.46) | 0.653(0.383–1.114) | 0.118 | ||
| Unknown | 65 | 41(63.08) | 1.786(0.931–3.427) | 0.081 | ||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Unmarried | 641 | 292(45.55) | 1.000 | |||
| Married or cohabiting | 1181 | 574(48.6) | 1.130(0.932–1.371) | 0.213 | ||
| Divorced or separated | 227 | 103(45.37) | 0.993(0.733–1.346) | 0.963 | ||
| Unknown | 25 | 7(28) | 0.465(0.191–1.128) | 0.090 | ||
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Han | 1952 | 915(46.88) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Minorities | 55 | 19(34.55) | 0.598(0.341–1.050) | 0.074 | ||
| Unknown | 67 | 42(62.69) | 1.904(1.151–3.149) | 0.012 | 2.429(1.428–4.131) | 0.001 |
| WHO Clinical stages | ||||||
| I | 612 | 292(47.71) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| II | 414 | 195(47.1) | 0.976(0.760–1.253) | 0.848 | ||
| III | 767 | 330(43.02) | 0.828(0.668–1.025) | 0.082 | ||
| IV | 281 | 159(56.58) | 1.428(1.075–1.898) | 0.014 | 1.467(1.091–1.971) | 0.011 |
| Geographical region | ||||||
| Pearl River Delta | 1136 | 501(44.1) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Western | 675 | 334(49.48) | 1.241(1.026–1.503) | 0.026 | 1.183(0.960–1.457) | 0.115 |
| Northern | 168 | 85(50.6) | 1.298(0.938–1.795) | 0.115 | ||
| Eastern | 95 | 56(58.95) | 1.820(1.190–2.784) | 0.006 | 1.489(0.950–2.333) | 0.083 |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Farmer | 661 | 302(45.69) | 1.000 | |||
| Worker | 253 | 118(46.64) | 1.039(0.777–1.389) | 0.796 | ||
| Business services | 123 | 46(37.4) | 0.710(0.478–1.055) | 0.090 | ||
| Jobless | 554 | 277(50) | 1.189(0.948–1.490) | 0.134 | ||
| Other | 190 | 84(44.21) | 0.942(0.681–1.303) | 0.718 | ||
| Unknown | 293 | 149(50.85) | 1.230(0.934–1.620) | 0.141 | ||
| Genotype | ||||||
| CRF01_AE | 1111 | 539(48.51) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| CRF07_BC | 522 | 224(42.91) | 0.798(0.647–0.984) | 0.034 | 0.872(0.700–1.087) | 0.223 |
| CRF08_BC | 130 | 54(41.54) | 0.754(0.522–1.090) | 0.133 | ||
| CRF55_01B | 102 | 58(56.86) | 1.399(0.929–2.106) | 0.108 | ||
| Subtype B | 67 | 38(56.72) | 1.391(0.846–2.287) | 0.194 | ||