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. 2023 Jul 20;11:1176669. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1176669

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Copyright © 2023 Zhou, Wang, Yan, Lu, Pei, Guo, Yang and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Adjust hazard (HR) and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of having different kinds of chronic diseases at baseline. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was adjusted for age, gender, highest level of education, marital status, health insurance, nighttime sleep duration, drinking status, smoking status, social activity participation, income status, BMI and other types of chronic diseases, *p < 0.05; **p < 0.001. Having the diabetes or high blood sugar, kidney disease, stomach or other digestive diseases, and arthritis or rheumatism at baseline significantly increased the risk of developing depression in participants. Diabetes or high blood sugar: HR_adjust = 1.185, 95% CI: 1.001–1.403; Kidney disease: HR_adjust = 1.252, 95% CI: 1.067–1.468; Stomach or other digestive disease: HR_adjust = 1.128, 95% CI: 1.029–1.236; Arthritis or rheumatism: HR_adjust = 1.221, 95% CI: 1.127–1.323.