Table 3.
Link between antibiotic use (AMU) measured in nDCDvet/cow/year (numeric data or classified in tertiles) in 2020 and the presence of antibiotic resistance (AMR) to different antibiotic classes among commensal E. coli isolated from 51 farms in 2020.
| AMR in 2020 | Total AMU in 2020 (nDCDvet/cow/year) | Numeric AMU data | Classified AMU data | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Est. | SE | z | p | Est. | SE | z | p | ||
| Multi-drug | All AB | 0.20 | 0.28 | 0.71 | 0.477 | 0.25 | 0.71 | 0.35 | 0.724 |
| Cephalosporins | Cephalosporins 3rd and 4th Gen. | 0.98 | 1.19 | 0.82 | 0.411 | 0.00 | 1.06 | 0.00 | 1.000 |
| Cephalosporins | All cephalosporins | 1.06 | 1.15 | 0.92 | 0.358 | 0.00 | 0.90 | 0.00 | 1.000 |
| Cephalosporins | All cephalosporins and all penicillins | −0.23 | 0.45 | −0.52 | 0.603 | 0.00 | 1.06 | 0.00 | 1.000 |
| Penicillins | All penicillins | 0.06 | 0.27 | 0.23 | 0.818 | −0.49 | 0.70 | −0.70 | 0.487 |
| Penicillin | All cephalosporins and all penicillins | 0.11 | 0.25 | 0.42 | 0.674 | 0.00 | 0.70 | 0.00 | 1.000 |
| Quinolones | Fluoroquinolones | 5.89 | 4.77 | 1.24 | 0.216 | 2.17 | 1.15 | 1.89 | 0.059 |
| Sulfonamides | Sulfonamide and trimethoprim | 23.22 | 15.26 | 1.52 | 0.128 | 1.98 | 0.77 | 2.59 | 0.010 |
| Tetracyclines | Tetracyclines | 3.58 | 2.89 | 1.24 | 0.216 | 1.30 | 0.75 | 1.73 | 0.084 |
Antibiotic classes in AMR represent following tested substances: Penicillin-Ampicillin; Cephalosporins- Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime; Quinolones-Ciprofloxacin, Nalidixic acid; Tetracyclines-Tetracycline, Tigecycline; Sulfonamide-Sulfamethoxazol. For classified AMU data results are shown for the comparison of the two extreme conditions (i.e., low vs. high AMU; low vs. intermediate AMU not shown). Est, estimate; SE, standard error.