Table 6.
Link between the application of penicillins and cephalosporins (measured as nDDDvet/cow/year or nDCDvet/cow/year; numeric data or classified in tertiles) in the year 2020 and the presence of ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli in the two study periods.
| ESBL/AmpC- E. coli-presence in study period (farms positive) | Use of cephalosporins and penicillins | Numeric AMU data | Classified AMU data | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Est. | SE | z | p | Est. | SE | z | p | ||
| 2020 (n = 11) | nDCDvet/cow/year | −0.76 | 0.50 | −1.54 | 0.124 | −1.41 | 0.91 | −1.55 | 0.121 |
| nDDDvet/cow/year | 0.15 | 0.28 | 0.55 | 0.582 | 0.00 | 0.90 | 0.00 | 1.000 | |
| 2022 (n = 25) | nDCDvet/cow/year | −0.71 | 0.32 | −2.18 | 0.029 | −1.48 | 0.74 | −2.01 | 0.044 |
| nDDDvet/cow/year | 0.08 | 0.24 | 0.34 | 0.736 | 0.00 | 0.69 | 0.00 | 1.000 | |
For classified AMU data results are shown for the comparison of the two extreme conditions (i.e., low vs. high AMU; low vs. intermediate AMU not shown). Est, estimate; SE, standard error.