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. 2023 Jan 30;24(Suppl 1):S36–S47. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnad009

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© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Pain Medicine.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 5. — Biplane radiography data collection and processing workflow. (A) Participants perform flexion/extension or lumbar lifting within the biplane radiography system while (B) synchronized biplane radiographs are collected at 20 images per second. (C) CT scans are collected and used to create 3D bone models. (D) An anatomic coordinate system is established on each vertebra. € 3D bone kinematics are determined using a validated CT model-based tracking process11. (F) Intervertebral spine kinematics are calculated for each pair of synchronized biplane radiographs.