Figure 2.

Course-grained theoretical schemes. (A) A scheme used to support intervention-focused discussions emphasizing psychological and social perspectives. The idealized central scheme depicts the canonical sequence of features and phenomena characterizing cLBP experiences and their functional consequences. On both sides are categories of factors that can influence the central process and vice versa. (B) This scheme supports ongoing TMWG discussions of phenotypes, interventions, explanatory theories, machine learning, etc. Factors in A are reorganized into five broad domain clusters. The scheme specifies plausible, bidirectional interactions between factors within clusters and between those factors and central features. A peripheral stimulus source is included between anatomy and nociception. ACE = agreeableness, conscientiousness, extraversion; ACC = anterior cingulate cortex; ANS = autonomic nervous system; BMI = body mass index; HRV = heart rate variability; HPA = hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; NAc = nucleus accumbens; PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder; PFC = prefrontal cortex; PRO = patient-reported outcome; SES = socioeconomic status.