Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of all the participants were stratified according to the quartile of the weight-adjusted waist index (WWI).
| Variables# WWI quartile |
Total | Quintile categories of WWI (cm/√ kg) | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (8.38–10.41) | Q2 (10.41–10.98) | Q3 (10.98–11.56) | Q4 (11.56–14.14) | |||
| Participants | 6494 | 1624 | 1623 | 1623 | 1624 | |
| SUA (μmol/L) | 327.00 ± 84.37 | 312.41 ± 78.96 | 321.97 ± 80.75 | 334.88 ± 84.40 | 338.75 ± 90.39 | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | 47.46 ± 16.78 | 36.58 ± 13.38 | 44.88 ± 14.96 | 51.27 ± 15.55 | 57.09 ± 15.78 | <0.001 |
| Sex (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Male | 3419 (52.65%) | 1028 (63.30%) | 931 (57.36%) | 856 (52.74%) | 604 (37.19%) | |
| Female | 3075 (47.35%) | 596 (36.70%) | 692 (42.64%) | 767 (47.26%) | 1020 (62.81%) | |
| Race (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Mexican American | 856 (13.18%) | 128 (7.88%) | 206 (12.69%) | 263 (16.20%) | 259 (15.95%) | |
| Other Hispanic | 684 (10.53%) | 121 (7.45%) | 175 (10.78%) | 197 (12.14%) | 191 (11.76%) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 2575 (39.65%) | 609 (37.50%) | 622 (38.32%) | 624 (38.45%) | 720 (44.33%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1481 (22.81%) | 462 (28.45%) | 357 (22.00%) | 349 (21.50%) | 313 (19.27%) | |
| Other races/ethnicity | 898 (13.83%) | 304 (18.72%) | 263 (16.20%) | 190 (11.71%) | 141 (8.68%) | |
| Education level (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Less than high school | 1186 (18.26%) | 192 (11.82%) | 254 (15.65%) | 331 (20.39%) | 409 (25.18%) | |
| High school or GED | 1474 (22.70%) | 354 (21.80%) | 330 (20.33%) | 415 (25.57%) | 375 (23.09%) | |
| Above high school | 3834 (59.04%) | 1078 (66.38%) | 1039 (64.02%) | 877 (54.04%) | 840 (51.72%) | |
| The ratio of family income to poverty | 2.57 ± 1.64 | 2.72 ± 1.69 | 2.73 ± 1.66 | 2.59 ± 1.62 | 2.24 ± 1.53 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.43 ± 7.14 | 24.89 ± 4.86 | 28.03 ± 5.44 | 30.54 ± 6.35 | 34.26 ± 7.94 | <0.001 |
| Energy intake (kcal) | 2099.19 ± 850.07 | 2280.81 ± 918.99 | 2149.26 ± 829.47 | 2064.07 ± 849.48 | 1902.61 ± 749.82 | <0.001 |
| Protein intake (gm) | 82.41 ± 37.04 | 90.22 ± 42.19 | 85.44 ± 35.94 | 80.06 ± 35.34 | 73.91 ± 31.96 | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate intake (gm) | 246.75 ± 108.10 | 267.66 ± 116.71 | 249.88 ± 105.64 | 244.67 ± 108.71 | 224.79 ± 96.07 | <0.001 |
| Dietary fiber intake (gm) | 16.81 ± 9.54 | 17.66 ± 10.17 | 17.41 ± 9.54 | 17.03 ± 9.76 | 15.15 ± 8.41 | <0.001 |
| Total fat intake (gm) | 82.18 ± 39.37 | 87.06 ± 41.43 | 84.03 ± 38.89 | 81.40 ± 39.84 | 76.25 ± 36.41 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.88 ± 0.92 | 2.70 ± 0.85 | 2.95 ± 0.89 | 2.97 ± 0.94 | 2.89 ± 0.97 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.39 ± 0.41 | 1.49 ± 0.41 | 1.40 ± 0.42 | 1.35 ± 0.41 | 1.34 ± 0.40 | <0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.25 ± 0.73 | 0.98 ± 0.62 | 1.23 ± 0.75 | 1.36 ± 0.74 | 1.42 ± 0.73 | <0.001 |
| TCHO (mmol/L) | 4.84 ± 1.05 | 4.64 ± 0.97 | 4.91 ± 1.02 | 4.94 ± 1.08 | 4.89 ± 1.11 | <0.001 |
| Albumin, urine (mg/L) | 45.97 ± 286.13 | 21.31 ± 121.14 | 27.86 ± 153.72 | 49.73 ± 313.02 | 84.97 ± 434.58 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, urine (μmol/L) | 11662.59 ± 7160.83 | 12293.42 ± 7889.45 | 11850.50 ± 7033.55 | 11670.11 ± 7006.76 | 10836.46 ± 6578.52 | <0.001 |
| Albumin-creatinine ratio (mg/g) | 41.61 ± 277.36 | 18.07 ± 130.60 | 26.88 ± 237.19 | 43.70 ± 286.36 | 77.77 ± 387.86 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.77 ± 1.15 | 5.39 ± 0.79 | 5.62 ± 1.00 | 5.85 ± 1.12 | 6.22 ± 1.42 | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 122.82 ± 17.70 | 117.03 ± 14.75 | 121.11 ± 16.51 | 125.19 ± 18.28 | 127.95 ± 19.01 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 71.29 ± 12.37 | 69.29 ± 10.89 | 72.26 ± 11.57 | 72.54 ± 12.72 | 71.05 ± 13.84 | <0.001 |
| Heavy alcohol consumption (%) | 0.003 | |||||
| Yes | 1064 (16.38%) | 243 (14.96%) | 234 (14.42%) | 292 (17.99%) | 295 (18.17%) | |
| No | 5430 (83.62%) | 1381 (85.04%) | 1389 (85.58%) | 1331 (82.01%) | 1329 (81.83%) | |
| Smoking status (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 3070 (47.27%) | 681 (41.93%) | 703 (43.31%) | 833 (51.32%) | 853 (52.52%) | |
| No | 3424 (52.73%) | 943 (58.07%) | 920 (56.69%) | 790 (48.68%) | 771 (47.48%) | |
| Minutes sedentary activity (minute) | 366.43 ± 202.35 | 359.24 ± 197.86 | 370.74 ± 205.89 | 355.52 ± 199.05 | 380.23 ± 205.71 | 0.002 |
Mean ± SD for continuous variables: the P value was calculated by the Kruskal–Wallis test. % for categorical variables: the P value was calculated by Fisher's exact test. WWI, weight-adjusted waist index; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density leptin cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; TCHO, total cholesterol; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.