Table 2.

Summary of strengths and limitations of current and potential treatment modalities

Modality	Use	Advantages	Limitations
Current pharmacotherapy: ACE inhibitors ARBs Angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitors SGLT2 inhibitors Beta blockers Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists	As dictated by heart failure treatment guidelines in the use of medications	As a treatment for heart failure, evidence for cardioprotective effects and improved prognosis is well established	Treatment not specific to UC Some drugs are difficult to use in cases of CKD and reduced renal function. However, some drugs have been shown to be renoprotective
Hemodialysis	Used for cases of acute and chronic renal failure	The usefulness of the short-term therapeutic effect is well established	No evidence of improved cardiac prognosis (prognosis of UC)
Peritoneal dialysis	Used for cases of acute and chronic renal failure	Less stressful on the body compared with standard hemodialysis	No evidence of improved cardiac prognosis (prognosis of UC)
Renal transplantation	Alternative treatment for noncompensated chronic renal failure	Widely utilized in clinical practice and established as a treatment method	Evidence of improved cardiac prognosis does not appear to be established (especially for UC)
Apheresis	Used for cases of acute and chronic renal failure	Usefulness for a short-term therapeutic effect	No evidence of improved cardiac prognosis (prognosis of UC)

ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, SGLT2 sodium-glucose co-transporter-2, UC uremic cardiomyopathy, CKD chronic kidney disease