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. 2023 Aug 4;13:12663. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-39716-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Environmental parameters through Earth history from 500 Ma before present until today and their corresponding cross-correlation functions (ccf). They include from top to bottom and left to right panel respectively: mean atmospheric oxygen partial pressures pO₂, global average surface temperatures T_glob, runoff rates RR, and atmospheric carbon dioxide CO₂. The auto-correlations are located on the diagonal. Other markers as in Fig. 1.