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. 2023 Aug 4;13:12663. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-39716-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of pO₂ data used in this work. They include the charcoal record³⁷, the GEOCARBSULFOR model³⁹ and the original GEOCARBSULF model³⁸. The black curve is the calculated mean of all three datasets. The shaded region represents the calculated standard deviation from the mean. PAL = Present Atmospheric Level.