Table 1.
Summary of cross-correlation analysis between environmental parameters (i.e. mean atmospheric oxygen partial pressures pO2, global average surface temperatures Tglob, global runoff rates RR, and atmospheric carbon dioxide levels CO2) and biological variables (i.e. total biodiversity of marine fauna and biomass). ccf0 is the magnitude of the cross-correlation function (ccf) between two time series at a temporal lag of 0. μ* is the temporal lag at which the time series exhibit a maximum correlation. Negative μ* indicate that a column variable precedes (i.e. leads) the corresponding row variable and vice versa. The abbreviations “before 300” and “after 300” refer to the temporal regions before 300 Ma ago, and after 300 Ma ago, respectively.
| Environmental variables | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pO2* | Tglob35 | RR42 | CO240 | |||||||
| ccf0 | μ* ± 1σ [Ma] | ccf0 | μ* ± 1σ [Ma] | ccf0 | μ* ± 1σ [Ma] | ccf0 | μ* ± 1σ [Ma] | |||
| Biological variables | Biomass36 | Total | 3.99 × 10−3 | –4 ± 40/36 | − 1.49 × 10−3 | 16 ± 19/31 | − 2.31 × 10−3 | –24 ± 54/47 | − 4.14 × 10−3 | –14 ± 61/57 |
| Before 300 | 1.00 × 10−2 | 0 ± 26/27 | − 1.12 × 10−2 | 8 ± 12/11 | − 6.02 × 10−3 | –24 ± 69/31 | − 1.77 × 10−2 | 0 ± 28/29 | ||
| After 300 | 6.54 × 10−3 | –4 ± 22/22 | − 5.90 × 10−3 | 14 ± 21/30 | 6.46 × 10−3 | 10 ± 27/28 | 4.84 × 10−3 | 8 ± 30/26 | ||
|
Bio- diversity34 |
Total | − 2.24 × 10−3 | 24 ± 50/92 | − 4.22 × 10−3 | 2 ± 26/50 | 3.98 × 10−3 | 8 ± 80/50 | 3.91 × 10−3 | 10 ± 57/48 | |
| Before 300 | − 1.02 × 10−2 | –18 ± 48/30 | 1.49 × 10−3 | –24 ± 36/22 | 1.00 × 10−2 | 0 ± 26/25 | 9.33 × 10−3 | 14 ± 40/35 | ||
| After 300 | 4.19 × 10−3 | –10 ± 25/36 | − 1.17 × 10−2 | 2 ± 15/17 | 6.18 × 10−3 | 16 ± 37/32 | 1.55 × 10−3 | − 6 ± 27/24 | ||
| Environmental variables | pO2* | Total | 3.64 × 10−3 | 0 ± 59/59 | ||||||
| Before 300 | 8.00 × 10−3 | 0 ± 43/43 | ||||||||
| After 300 | 6.67 × 10−3 | 0 ± 23/23 | ||||||||
| Tglob35 | Total | − 3.03 × 10−4 | –24 ± 24/52 | 3.64 × 10−3 | 0 ± 18/18 | |||||
| Before 300 | − 7.12 × 10−3 | –10 ± 60/57 | 8.00 × 10−3 | 0 ± 16/16 | ||||||
| After 300 | − 2.25 × 10−3 | –16 ± 21/32 | 6.67 × 10−3 | 0 ± 12/12 | ||||||
| RR42 | Total | − 4.21 × 10−3 | 24 ± 56/104 | − 2.21 × 10−3 | 24 ± 36/90 | 3.64 × 10−3 | 0 ± 60/60 | |||
| Before 300 | − 7.40 × 10−4 | 24 ± 38/30 | − 2.03 × 10−3 | 24 ± 16/22 | 8.00 × 10−3 | 0 ± 25/25 | ||||
| After 300 | 5.00 × 10−3 | –8 ± 19/19 | − 1.10 × 10−3 | 24 ± 36/102 | 6.67 × 10−3 | 0 ± 28/28 | ||||
| CO240 | Total | − 7.79 × 10−3 | 0 ± 70/70 | 1.33 × 10−3 | –18 ± 14/15 | 3.30 × 10−3 | –24 ± 134/71 | 3.64 × 10−3 | 0 ± 81/81 | |
| Before 300 | − 1.58 × 10−2 | 0 ± 44/45 | 8.00 × 10−3 | 0 ± 95/40 | 2.20 × 10−3 | 8.00 × 10−3 | 0 ± 40/0 | |||
| After 300 | 6.32 × 10−3 | –8 ± 23/23 | 3.08 × 10−3 | –22 ± 16/16 | 6.33 × 10−3 |
–24 ± 34/60 –12 ± 22/22 |
6.67 × 10−3 | 0 ± 17/17 | ||