Table 1.

Nano-assembly of pure small molecules isolated from natural plants.

Molecule 1	Molecule 2	Morphology	Interaction forces of self-assembly	Bioactivity	Research level	Refs.
Berberine	Baicalin	Nanosphere	Electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions	Antibacterial activity/ Treatment of diarrhea	In vitro/ Zebrafish model/ Mice model	[21], [22]
Berberine	Wogonoside	Nanofiber	Electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions	Antibacterial activity	In vitro/ Zebrafish model	[21]
Berberine	Cinnamic acid	Nanosphere	Hydrogen bond/ π-π stacking interaction	Antibacterial activity	In vitro/ Zebrafish model	[24]
Berberine	3,4,5-Methoxycinnamic acid	Nanosphere	Hydrogen bond/ π-π stacking interaction	Antibacterial activity	In vitro	[26]
Berberine	Rhein	Nanosphere	π-π interaction/ Electrostatic interaction	Antibacterial activity	In vitro/ Zebrafish model	[29]
Berberine	Aristolochic acid	Network nanofiber	Electrostatic interaction/ π-π interaction	Neutralizing acute nephrotoxicity	In vitro/ Zebrafish model/ Mice model	[31]
Berberine alkylation	Rhamnolipid	Nanosphere	Electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions	Antibacterial activity	In vitro/ Mice model	[32]
Paclitaxel dimer	None	Nanovesicle	Hydrophobic interaction	Antitumor	In vitro/ Mice model	[37]
Paclitaxel	Indomethacin	Nanosphere	π-π stacking/ H-bonding/ Hydrophobic interaction	Antitumor	In vitro/ Mice model	[40]
Cabazitaxel	Dasatinib	Nanosphere	π-π stacking/ hydrogen bonding/ Van der Waals interaction	Antitumor	In vitro/ Mice model	[43]
Camptothecin/ Camptothecin derivative	None	Helical nanoribbon/ Flat nanoribbon/ Cylindric nano-rod	π-π interaction/ Hydrogen bond	Antitumor	In vitro/ Mice model	[45], [46], [47], [48], [49]
Irinotecan/ Topotecan	Curcuminoids	Nanosphere	Intermolecular non-covalent interactions	Antitumor	In vitro/ Mice model	[51]
10-Hydroxycamptothecin	Doxorubicin	Nanosphere	π-π stacking/ Hydrophobic interactions	Antitumor drug resistance	In vitro	[52], [53]
Oleanolic acid	Paclitaxel	Nanosphere	Hydrogen bonding/ Hydrophobic interaction	Antitumor	In vitro/ Mice model	[59], [60]
Lupeol	None	Nanosphere with nanofiber interspersed	Hydrogen bonding/ Van der Waals force/ π-π stacking	Drug delivery vehicle	In vitro/ Mice model	[59], [63]
Betulinol	Ursolic acid	Nanosphere	Hydrogen bonding/ Van der Waals force/ π-π stacking	Drug delivery vehicle	In vitro	[59], [60]
Betulinic acid	Paclitaxel	Nanofiber	Hydrogen bond/ Hydrophobic interaction	Antitumor	In vitro/ Mice model	[64]
Ergosterol	Chlorin e6	Clavate-shaped nanoparticle	π-π stacking/ Hydrophobic interaction	Antitumor	In vitro/ Mice model	[66]
Dehydrotrametenolic acid	Paclitaxel	Nanosphere	Hydrogen bonding/ Van der Waals force/ π-π stacking	Antitumor	In vitro/ Mice model	[63]
Celastrol	Doxorubicin	Nanosphere	π-π stacking/ Electrostatic interaction	Antitumor drug resistance	In vitro	[69]
Ginsenoside Ro	Saikosaponin a	Nanosphere	–	–	Virtual prediction	[72], [73]
Glycyrrhizic acid	Paclitaxel/ Baicalein	–	–	–	Virtual prediction/ Preparation and characterization	[79], [80]
Glycyrrhetinic acid	None/ Oleanolic acid and/or Paclitaxel	Nanosphere with fibrillar network	Hydrogen bonding/ Van der Waals force/ π-π stacking	Antitumor	In vitro/ Mice model	[59], [81], [82]
Ursolic acid	Aspirin	Nanosphere	Hydrogen bond/ Hydrophobic interaction	Tumor metastasis therapy	In vitro/ Mice model	[86]
Ursolic acid	Indocyanine green and lactobionic acid	Nanosphere	π-π stacking/ Hydrophobic interaction/ Electrostatic interaction	Tumor theranostics	In vitro/ Mice model	[87]
Ursolic acid	Doxorubicin/ Paclitaxel	Nanosphere	Electrostatic interaction/ π-π interaction/ Hydrophobic interaction	Antitumor	In vitro/ Mice model	[88], [89], [90]
Doxorubicin	Indocyanine green and tannic acid	Nanosphere	π-π interaction/ Electronic interaction	Antitumor	In vitro/ Mice model	[94]
Rhein	None	Network nanofiber	π-π interaction/ Hydrogen bond/ Electrostatic interaction	Treating neural inflammation	In vitro	[100]

-Not applicable.