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. 2023 Aug 4;21:285. doi: 10.1186/s12916-023-02948-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Estimated time-varying hazard ratios (HRs) for the association between inflammatory skin conditions and anxiety or depression. Red/blue dotted line and region, fully parametric penalised spline; black dotted line and region, the proportional hazards estimate and 95% CI from the relevant Cox model. Confidence intervals for the spline models show the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles from 200 bootstrap iterations of the model. All models adjusted for age, sex, practice, deprivation, calendar period, asthma (in eczema) or psoriatic arthropathy (in psoriasis), and Charlson comorbidity index, BMI (as evidence of obesity), smoking status, harmful alcohol use (plus sleep problems and high dose oral glucocorticoid use in the eczema models)