Table 1.

Common nanomaterial supplementation for hydrogel scaffolds in osteochondral regeneration

Nanomaterial Supplementation Class	Name	Effects	Reference
Metal Ions	Manganese Ion (Mn2 +)	Enhancing the bioactivity of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein	[41]
	Magnesium Ion (Mg2 +)	Promoting the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of cells; inducing the deposition of bone minerals; facilitating osteogenesis	[42]
Phytomolecules	Honokiol (HKL)	Preventing inflammatory response and cartilage matrix degradation	[43]
	Kartogenin (KGN)	Inducing chondrogenesis of MSCs; initiating the endochondral ossification	[44]
	Chondroitin Sulfate(CS)	Anti-inflammatory effects, stimulating proteoglycan production, inhibiting cartilage cytokine production, inducing apoptosis of articular chondrocytes	[45]
Bioceramics	Hydroxyapatite (HAp)	Promoting bone growth	[46]
	Laponite (LAP)	Promoting chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs	[47]
Biologics	Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP)	Initiating and regulating cartilage healing	[48]
Growth factors	TGF-β1	Promoting cartilage and bone formation; chondrogenic differentiation	[49]
	TGF-β3	Regulating hyaline cartilage formation and proliferation; regulation of biosynthesis of major ECM components	[50]
	BMP-2	Enhancing osteogenesis, vascularization, and bone repair; osteogenic differentiation	[51]