Table 4.
Application of intelligent response hydrogel scaffolds within the last five years
| Scaffold name | Hydrogel Material | External stimuli | Responsive shell | Bioactive agent | Target Tissue | Target cells | Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SPIONs | Agarose | Electromagnetic field | Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) | BMP-2, TGF-β3, β-glycerophosphate | Hyaline cartilage; subchondral bone | MSCs | The vast majority of the tissue constructs developed striking white opacity at the bone end of the constructs over 28 days of using glycosylated SPIONs loaded with BMP-2 as a gradient across an hMSC-laden agarose hydrogel | [106] |
| Hyt@tgel | Hyaluronic acid (HA), Pluronic F-127 (F-127) | Temperature | Hyt-loading chitosan nanoparticles (HytNPs) | Hydroxytyrosol (Hyt) | Hyaline cartilage | MSCs, chondrocytes | The Hyt@tgel stimulated the regeneration of a lesioned tissue and prevent chondrocyte senescence | [107] |
| KGN/Dex-TSPBA@WHMs | Methacrylate gelatin (GelMA) | Reactive oxygen species (ROS) | ROS-responsive nanoparticles (KGN/Dex-TSPBA) | Kartogenin (KGN), dexamethasone (Dex) | Hyaline cartilage | MSCs, chondrocytes | It showed favorable ROS-responsive ability and enhanced chondrogenic differentiation and downregulation of pro-inflammatory factors in vitro | [108] |
| HA/PRP/BM hydrogel | Hyaluronic acid (HA) | pH | MnO2 (BM) nanoparticles (NPs) |
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) |
Hyaline cartilage | MSCs, chondrocytes | The HA/PRP/BM hydrogel attenuated the severe oxidative stress and promoted chondrocyte proliferation. In a rat OA model, the HA/PRP/BM hydrogel suppressed cartilage matrix degradation | [109] |