Table 5.
Cox proportional hazards regression analysis to identify the association of DM status and insulin use with adverse outcomes in overall cohort
| HR (95% CI) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted model | ||
| Non-DM | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Non-insulin-treated DM | 2.82 (1.42–5.61) | P = 0.003 |
| Insulin-treated DM | 4.83 (2.39–9.74) | P < 0.001 |
| Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, BMI* and NYHA function class | ||
| Non-DM | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Non-insulin-treated DM | 2.59 (1.29–5.21) | P = 0.008 |
| Insulin-treated DM | 4.41 (2.14–9.07) | P < 0.001 |
| Model 2: adjusted for model 1 combined with etiology of HF | ||
| Non-DM | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Non-insulin-treated DM | 2.58 (1.28–5.20) | P = 0.007 |
| Insulin-treated DM | 4.45 (2.16–9.15) | P < 0.001 |
| Model 3: adjusted for model 2 combined with NT-proBNP§, eGFR, and use of sacubitril/valsartan | ||
| Non-DM | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Non-insulin-treated DM | 2.16 (1.06–4.40) | P = 0.015 |
| Insulin-treated DM | 3.11 (1.45–6.87) | P = 0.009 |
* BMI is considered as binary variable (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) when including in the Cox model
§ NT-proBNP is log-transformed before being included in the Cox model
Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus; HR, hazards ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; NYHA, New York Heart Association; NT-proBNP, amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate