Table 3.

Mistreatment among women with and without a labor companion present at any point during care

	No labor companion present	Labor companion present	Total	p-value
Any physical abuse, verbal abuse, or stigma, or discrimination	34(34.7%)	105(16.3%)	139(18.7%)	0.000
Any physical abuse	8(8.2%)	16(2.5%)	24 (3.2%)	0.008
Any verbal abuse	28(28.6%)	95 (14.7%)	124(16.6)	0.001
Any stigma or discrimination	0(0.0%)	5(0.8%)	5(0.7%)	0.494
Failure to meet professional standards
Caesarean section (N = 745)	23(23.5%)	180(27.9%)	203(27.3%)	0.217
Unconsented Caesarean section (N = 203)	3(13.1%)	62(34.4%)	65(32.0%)	0.127
Episiotomy‡ (N = 251)	32(43.2%)	219(51.1%)	251(33.6%)	0.130
Unconsented episiotomy (N = 251)	24(75.0%)	152(69.4%)	176(70.1%)	0.001
Induction of labor (N = 700)	17(20.5)	123(20.0%)	140(20%)	0.521
Unconsented induction of labor (N = 140)	15(88.2)	102(82.9%)	117(83.5%)	0.177
Vaginal examination
Woman had any vaginal examination	89(90.8%)	540(83.6%)	630(84.4%)	0.040
Unconsented vaginal examination	57(64.0%)	319(59.1%)	376(59.7%)	0.222
Pain relief
Woman requested pain relief	39(39.8%)	345(53.3%)	384(51.5%)	0.008
Woman requested pain relief but did not receive pain relief	19 (48.7%)	168(48.6%)	187(48.6%)	0.002
Woman denied pain relief during time in hospital	26(27.4%)	86(13.4%)	112(15.2%)	0.001
Neglect and abandonment
No staff member present when the baby came out ‡	7(9.6%)	48(10.5%)	55(10.4%)	0.506
Woman waited along time before attended by health workers	30(30.6%)	213(32.9%)	243(32.6%)	0.367
Woman felt ignored, neglected, or that her presence was a nuisance for health workers or staff	36(36.7%)	137(21.2%)	173(23.3%)	0.001
Communication
Woman felt that health workers or staff not listened and responded to her concerns	44(45.4%)	444(70.0%)	488(66.7%)	0.000