FIG. 4.

Liver sinusoid-on-a chip. The model is formed by the four types of hepatic cells, i.e., liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells, and hepatocytes, distributed layer-by-layer resembling liver sinusoid. Stellate cells are first injected into the basolateral side of the collagen-I pre-coated PE membrane. Sinusoidal endothelial cells are then added on the apical side of the membrane together with Kupffer cells. Hepatocytes are then added to form the bottom layer. Unidirectional flow is incorporated by a syringe pump. Based on Du et al.¹¹⁸