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. 2023 Jul 23;97(9):2343–2356. doi: 10.1007/s00204-023-03554-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Reactive oxygen species (ROS) measured using the 2’,7’-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA) assay after a 4-h exposure period of human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1) to a–e nicotine pouch extracts, f reference snus CRP1.1, and g nicotine control in dissolution medium. Nicotine concentrations of sample extracts are represented through the dotted line, plotted against the secondary Y-axis. Results are presented as mean of triplicate and standard deviation. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001