Figure 1.

Cumulative recorded COVID-19 deaths, excess death estimates according to the Economist, and excess death estimates with age-adjustment (using 2017-1019 as reference) for the 3 years’ period 2020-2022 in 4 countries with reliable death registration systems. See references (3) and (4) for the methods underlying the excess death calculations. Data are presented as deaths per 100 people in the general population. For Sweden, the age-adjusted excess death calculation shows a death deficit during 2020-2022 (fewer deaths than 2017-2019 after age-adjustment). The total deaths (from all causes) in 2020-2022 were as follows: 3.1% of the population died in the USA, 3.7% in Germany, 3.0% in Netherlands, 2.7% in Sweden.