Table 2.
Problems with variables selected for modeling all-cause mortality
| Variables considered in the WHO model for all-cause mortality (see ref. 1 for details/definitions) |
Ecological variable |
Substantial measurement error |
Different in those with versus without data |
Different error in those with versus without data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High income country | Yes | No | Yes | No |
| COVID-19 test positivity rate | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
| COVID-19 death rate | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
| Temperature | Yes | No | Yes | No |
| Population density | Yes | No | Possibly | No |
| Sociodemographic index | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Human development index | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Stringency | Yes | Yes | Possibly | Yes |
| Economic measures | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Containment | Yes | Yes | Possibly | Yes |
| 2019 non-communicable disease rate | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 2019 cardiovascular disease rate | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 2019 HIV rate | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Diabetes prevalence | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Life expectancy | Yes | No | Yes | No |
| Proportion population <15 y | Yes | No | Yes | No |
| Proportion population >65 y | Yes | No | Yes | No |