Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to three categories of HbA1c levels
| Variable | Total (n=707) | HbA1c categories |
P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <7.0% (n=357) | 7.0%–7.9% (n=178) | ≥8.0% (n=172) | ||||
| Age, yr | 59.0±9.79 | 58.8±10.3 | 60.3±8.98 | 58.3±9.79 | 0.14 | |
| Male sex | 478 (67.6) | 264 (73.9) | 118 (66.3) | 96 (55.8) | <0.01 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.4±3.37 | 25.2±3.36 | 25.5±3.28 | 25.9±3.44 | 0.05 | |
| SBP, mm Hg | 132±17.9 | 130±16.7 | 134±18.3 | 132±17.9 | 0.04 | |
| DBP, mm Hg | 75.7±11.7 | 75.8±12.0 | 74.5±11.4 | 76.8±11.3 | 0.17 | |
| CCI score | 3.89±1.13 | 3.86±1.19 | 3.90±1.09 | 3.93±1.05 | 0.76 | |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension | 699 (98.9) | 355 (99.4) | 177 (99.4) | 167 (97.1) | 0.04 | |
| Cardiovascular disease | 85 (12.0) | 50 (14.0) | 16 (9.0) | 19 (11.0) | 0.25 | |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never | 335 (47.5) | 161 (45.2) | 83 (46.9) | 91 (52.9) | 0.03 | |
| Former | 252 (35.7) | 134 (37.6) | 72 (40.7) | 46 (26.7) | ||
| Current | 118 (16.7) | 61 (17.1) | 22 (12.4) | 35 (20.3) | ||
| Income level | ||||||
| Low | 215 (31.5) | 101 (28.9) | 50 (29.2) | 64 (39.5) | 0.14 | |
| Intermediate | 343 (50.3) | 181 (51.9) | 87 (50.9) | 75 (46.3) | ||
| High | 124 (18.2) | 67 (19.2) | 34 (19.9) | 23 (14.2) | ||
| Medications | ||||||
| RAAS inhibitors | 615 (87.0) | 309 (86.6) | 152 (85.4) | 154 (89.5) | 0.49 | |
| CCBs | 314 (44.4) | 151 (42.3) | 78 (43.8) | 85 (49.4) | 0.30 | |
| BBs | 237 (33.5) | 123 (34.5) | 61 (34.3) | 53 (30.8) | 0.69 | |
| Diuretics | 350 (49.5) | 152 (42.6) | 98 (55.1) | 100 (58.1) | <0.01 | |
| Statins | 453 (64.1) | 221 (61.9) | 108 (60.7) | 124 (72.1) | 0.04 | |
| eGFR category, mL/min/1.73 m2 | ||||||
| ≥60 | 132 (18.7) | 72 (20.2) | 30 (16.8) | 30 (17.5) | 0.30 | |
| 45–59 | 115 (16.3) | 61 (17.1) | 23 (12.9) | 31 (18.0) | ||
| 30–44 | 178 (31.4) | 99 (27.7) | 44 (24.7) | 35 (20.3) | ||
| 15–29 | 222 (31.4) | 94 (26.3) | 66 (37.1) | 62 (36.0) | ||
| <15 | 60 (8.5) | 31 (8.7) | 15 (8.4) | 14 (8.1) | ||
| Laboratory findings | ||||||
| HbA1c, % | 7.22±1.32 | 6.25±0.47 | 7.38±0.29 | 9.07±1.08 | <0.01 | |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 40.3±24.4 | 42.0±25.1 | 38.4±23.2 | 38.8±24.2 | 0.18 | |
| UPCR, g/gCr | 1.04 (0.3–3.2) | 0.86 (0.2–2.8) | 0.96 (0.3–3.2) | 1.62 (0.4–3.8) | 0.02 | |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 12.0±2.02 | 12.2±1.99 | 12.0±2.20 | 11.8±1.90 | 0.17 | |
| Albumin, g/dL | 4.05±0.52 | 4.05±0.56 | 4.06±0.48 | 4.01±0.47 | 0.61 | |
| Calcium, mg/dL | 9.03±0.62 | 9.00±0.60 | 9.04±0.65 | 9.08±0.65 | 0.40 | |
| Phosphorus, mg/dL | 3.88±0.74 | 3.86±0.81 | 3.90±0.64 | 3.88±0.64 | 0.82 | |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 168±42.7 | 164±40.3 | 166±44.0 | 178±44.7 | 0.02 | |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 91.4±32.8 | 89.8±32.1 | 92.1±34.0 | 94.2±32.8 | 0.34 | |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 45.0±14.6 | 46.1±14.7 | 43.7±15.0 | 44.1±14.1 | 0.14 | |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 176±107 | 156±87.1 | 173±93.7 | 220±141 | <0.01 | |
| hs-CRP, mg/L | 0.90 (0.6–2.3) | 0.80 (0.6–1.4) | 1.20 (0.7–3.1) | 1.20 (0.6–2.9) | 0.18 | |
| Ferritin, ng/mL | 110.3 (60.4–204.4) | 91.6 (53.0–177.0) | 95.5 (56.7–176.3) | 100.6 (57.6–186.4) | 0.26 | |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, number (%), or median (interquartile range). eGFR was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease–Epidemiology Collaboration equation.
HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; RAAS, renin angiotensin aldosterone system; CCB, calcium channel blocker; BB, beta blocker; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UPCR, urine protein/creatinine ratio; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP, high sensitive C-reactive protein.