Fig. 1.

There are two phenotypes of diabetic cardiomyopathy: the restrictive phenotype, characterized by concentric left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction; and the dilated phenotype, characterized by LV dilatation and both systolic and advanced diastolic dysfunction. It is important to note that some patients exhibiting a restrictive phenotype may transition to a dilated phenotype. RA, right atrium; Ao, aorta; LA, left atrium; RV, right ventricle; LVEDVi, indexed left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; SGLT2i, sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFmrEF, heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction. ^aAngiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor/angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, β-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and ivabradine.