Table 3.
Variable | Mean±SD or n (%) | Sex-specific quartiles of UPF consumption, % TEa |
Per UPF consumption, 10% TE |
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | P trendb | β or OR | P valuec | |||
Male sex | |||||||||
BMI, kg/m2 | 25.1±2.8 | 0 | 0.39 (0.06 to 0.71) | 0.18 (–0.15 to 0.51) | 0.52 (0.18 to 0.87) | 0.014 | 0.15 (0.03 to 0.26) | 0.011 | |
Obesityd | 1,174 (49.5) | 1 | 1.26 (1.00 to 1.58) | 1.04 (0.82 to 1.32) | 1.31 (1.02 to 1.67) | 0.120 | 1.06 (0.98 to 1.15) | 0.176 | |
Waist circumference, cm | 87.7±7.8 | 0 | 0.92 (0.04 to 1.80) | 0.72 (–0.19 to 1.62) | 1.57 (0.63 to 2.51) | 0.003 | 0.55 (0.24 to 0.87) | <0.001 | |
Abdominal obesitye | 900 (38.0) | 1 | 1.35 (1.06 to 1.72) | 1.29 (1.00 to 1.65) | 1.45 (1.12 to 1.88) | 0.010 | 1.13 (1.04 to 1.23) | 0.004 | |
Female sex | |||||||||
BMI, kg/m2 | 23.6±3.0 | 0 | 0.07 (–0.18 to 0.31) | 0.46 (0.21 to 0.71) | 0.36 (0.10 to 0.62) | <0.001 | 0.15 (0.05 to 0.25) | 0.004 | |
Obesity | 1,270 (28.1) | 1 | 1.05 (0.87 to 1.27) | 1.30 (1.08 to 1.57) | 1.26 (1.03 to 1.54) | 0.004 | 1.11 (1.03 to 1.20) | 0.009 | |
Waist circumference, cm | 79.5±8.4 | 0 | 0.24 (–0.42 to 0.90) | 1.10 (0.43 to 1.78) | 1.03 (0.32 to 1.73) | <0.001 | 0.37 (0.10 to 0.64) | 0.008 | |
Abdominal obesity | 1,185 (26.2) | 1 | 1.22 (1.01 to 1.48) | 1.44 (1.19 to 1.75) | 1.34 (1.09 to 1.66) | 0.001 | 1.11 (1.02 to 1.20) | 0.013 | |
30–49 years | |||||||||
BMI, kg/m2 | 23.9±3.3 | 0 | 0.19 (–0.26 to 0.63) | 0.47 (0.05 to 0.90) | 0.52 (0.10 to 0.94) | 0.007 | 0.16 (0.03 to 0.30) | 0.014 | |
Obesity | 788 (34.0) | 1 | 1.11 (0.80 to 1.53) | 1.30 (0.96 to 1.76) | 1.39 (1.03 to 1.87) | 0.016 | 1.10 (1.00 to 1.21) | 0.038 | |
Waist circumference, cm | 80.9±9.6 | 0 | 0.19 (–1.00 to 1.34) | 0.85 (–0.25 to 1.96) | 1.16 (0.08 to 2.24) | 0.011 | 0.44 (0.10 to 0.78) | 0.011 | |
Abdominal obesity | 570 (24.6) | 1 | 1.09 (0.77 to 1.55) | 1.17 (0.84 to 1.63) | 1.30 (0.94 to 1.79) | 0.082 | 1.12 (1.01 to 1.23) | 0.027 | |
50–64 years | |||||||||
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.2±2.9 | 0 | 0.19 (–0.03 to 0.40) | 0.31 (0.08 to 0.54) | 0.34 (0.09 to 0.59) | 0.002 | 0.13 (0.04 to 0.22) | 0.007 | |
Obesity | 1,656 (36.2) | 1 | 1.14 (0.97 to 1.34) | 1.15 (0.97 to 1.36) | 1.21 (1.01 to 1.46) | 0.040 | 1.07 (1.00 to 1.15) | 0.064 | |
Waist circumference, cm | 83.1±8.7 | 0 | 0.58 (–0.01 to 1.18) | 1.00 (0.36 to 1.62) | 1.00 (0.31 to 1.68) | <0.001 | 0.38 (0.12 to 0.64) | 0.004 | |
Abdominal obesity | 1,515 (33.1) | 1 | 1.32 (1.11 to 1.56) | 1.46 (1.22 to 1.74) | 1.32 (1.08 to 1.60) | <0.001 | 1.10 (1.03 to 1.18) | 0.008 | |
Low diet qualityf | |||||||||
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.4±3.2 | 0 | 0.25 (–0.06 to 0.56) | 0.31 (0.00 to 0.61) | 0.46 (0.16 to 0.76) | 0.003 | 0.14 (0.04 to 0.24) | 0.006 | |
Obesity | 1,355 (39.2) | 1 | 1.25 (1.01 to 1.55) | 1.28 (1.04 to 1.58) | 1.42 (1.16 to 1.75) | 0.001 | 1.10 (1.03 to 1.18) | 0.007 | |
Waist circumference, cm | 84.5±9.4 | 0 | 0.47 (–0.36 to 1.30) | 0.64 (–0.17 to 1.46) | 1.24 (0.44 to 2.05) | 0.003 | 0.48 (0.20 to 0.75) | <0.001 | |
Abdominal obesity | 1,161 (33.6) | 1 | 1.22 (0.98 to 1.52) | 1.23 (0.99 to 1.52) | 1.40 (1.14 to 1.74) | 0.003 | 1.13 (1.05 to 1.21) | 0.001 | |
High diet quality | |||||||||
BMI, kg/m2 | 23.8±2.9 | 0 | 0.13 (–0.12 to 0.38) | 0.40 (0.14 to 0.67) | 0.18 (–0.11 to 0.48) | 0.040 | 0.10 (–0.02 to 0.23) | 0.096 | |
Obesity | 1,089 (31.6) | 1 | 1.03 (0.84 to 1.26) | 1.10 (0.89 to 1.36) | 1.05 (0.83 to 1.32) | 0.520 | 1.03 (0.94 to 1.14) | 0.053 | |
Waist circumference, cm | 81.2±8.6 | 0 | 0.54 (–0.15 to 1.24) | 1.24 (0.51 to 1.96) | 0.57 (–0.24 to 1.38) | 0.029 | 0.18 (–0.16 to 0.52) | 0.303 | |
Abdominal obesity | 924 (26.8) | 1 | 1.36 (1.10 to 1.68) | 1.56 (1.26 to 1.95) | 1.15 (0.89 to 1.48) | 0.051 | 1.04 (0.94 to 1.15) | 0.435 |
Values are presented as β or OR (95% confidence interval). All analyses adjusted for sex (not in sex-stratified analyses), age, research center, economic status, marital status, smoking, drinking, sitting time, family history of diseases.
SD, standard deviation; UPF, ultra-processed food; TE, total energy intake; OR, odds ratio; BMI, body mass index.
The sex-specific cutoffs of UPF consumption (% TE) were 13.9%, 21.2%, and 28.4% in male and 9.0%, 14.5%, and 21.2% for female,
P for the linear trends by quartiles of sex-specific quartiles of UPF consumption (% TE),
Odds ratio for a 10 % increase in UPF consumption (% TE),
Defined as a BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2,
Defined as a waist circumference ≥90 cm for male and ≥85 cm for female, respectively,
Using the median point of Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI) of the study participants, <74.3 KHEI was defined as low diet quality and ≥74.3 KHEI as high diet quality.