Table 2.
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis of U.S. Pregnant Women by Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Health Characteristics Association with Prenatal Depression, NHIS 2010–2019.
| Total (N = 957) |
U.S.-Born (N = 778) |
Non-U.S.-Born (N = 179) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR | 95% CI | P-value | AOR | 95% CI | P-value | AOR | 95% CI | P-value | |
| Grouped Age | |||||||||
| 18–30 | 0.70 | 0.48–1.00 | 0.05 | 0.61** | 0.41–0.91 | 0.01 | 1.77 | 0.64–4.90 | 0.27 |
| 31–44 | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – |
| Race | |||||||||
| White | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – |
| Black | 0.57* | 0.33–0.98 | <0.05 | 0.53* | 0.30–0.96 | <0.05 | 0.54 | 0.13–2.27 | 0.40 |
| Other | 0.64 | 0.34–1.22 | 0.17 | 0.83 | 0.36–1.88 | 0.64 | 0.35 | 0.10–1.18 | 0.08 |
| Grouped BMI | |||||||||
| <18.5–24.9 (Underweight or Normal) | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – |
| 25–29.9 (Overweight) | 1.49 | 0.95–2.35 | 0.08 | 1.60 | 0.96–2.65 | 0.06 | 1.14 | 0.52–3.82 | 0.50 |
| ≥30 (Obese) | 2.08* | 1.31–3.30 | <0.001 | 2.18* | 1.33 – 3.59 | <0.05 | 1.46 | 0.52–4.07 | 0.47 |
| Household/Family Size | |||||||||
| 1–4 | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – |
| ≥5 | 0.87 | 0.51–1.49 | 0.61 | 0.91 | 0.49–1.67 | 0.75 | 0.67 | 0.20–2.18 | |
| Ratio of Family Income to Poverty Threshold | |||||||||
| <1 | 1.58 | 0.97–2.47 | 0.06 | 1.58 | 0.93–2.66 | 0.08 | 1.66 | 0.55–5.01 | 0.36 |
| ≥1 | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – |
| Health Insurance | |||||||||
| No | 0.76 | 0.33–1.74 | 0.52 | 0.79 | 0.28–2.21 | 0.65 | 0.22 | 0.04–1.19 | 0.07 |
| Yes | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – |
| Class of Work | |||||||||
| Private | 0.64 | 0.39–1.06 | 0.08 | 0.70 | 0.41–1.19 | 0.18 | 0.40 | 0.10–1.56 | 0.18 |
| Government | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – |
| Employment Status | |||||||||
| Employed | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – |
| Unemployed | 0.99 | 0.68–1.43 | 0.94 | 1.00 | 0.67–1.50 | 0.99 | 1.31 | 0.46–3.78 | 0.61 |
| Diabetes Status | |||||||||
| No or not Mentioned | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – |
| Yes or Borderline | 1.60 | 0.70–3.68 | 0.26 | 1.82 | 0.72–4.58 | 0.20 | 0.89 | 0.16–5.10 | 0.89 |
| Hypertension Status | |||||||||
| No | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – |
| Yes | 0.77 | 0.42–1.41 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.38–1.39 | 0.33 | 1.62 | 0.34–7.80 | 0.54 |
| Access to Paid Sick Leave | |||||||||
| No | 2.50*** | 1.72–3.64 | <0.001 | 2.57*** | 1.71–3.86 | <0.001 | 1.52 | 0.45–5.09 | 0.49 |
| Yes | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – |
| Regular Place of Care | |||||||||
| No | 2.43* | 1.32–4.47 | <0.05 | 1.96* | 1.00–3.86 | 0.05 | 12.54*** | 2.92–53.79 | <0.001 |
| Yes, 1 + Places | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – |
| Alcohol Consumption | – | – | |||||||
| Never | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – |
| Ever | 1.40 | 0.92–2.14 | 0.11 | 1.63 | 0.99–2.67 | 0.05 | 0.72 | 0.30–1.72 | 0.45 |
| Smoking Status | |||||||||
| Never | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – |
| Ever | 1.24 | 0.83–1.84 | 0.29 | 1.21 | 0.79–1.85 | 0.38 | 1.08 | 0.27–4.26 | 0.91 |
| Leisure Time | |||||||||
| Inactive/Insufficient | 1.32 | 0.92–1.90 | 0.13 | 1.32 | 0.89–1.96 | 0.17 | 1.83 | 0.7–4.74 | 0.20 |
| Physically Active | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – |
| Region | |||||||||
| Northeast | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – |
| North Central/Midwest | 0.91 | 0.52–1.60 | 0.74 | 0.84 | 0.45–1.55 | 0.57 | 3.11 | 0.50–19.51 | 0.22 |
| South | 0.86 | 0.50–1.48 | 0.58 | 0.84 | 0.46–1.54 | 0.58 | 1.92 | 0.42–9.25 | 0.38 |
| West | 1.83* | 1.04–3.20 | <0.05 | 1.67 | 0.87–3.19 | 0.12 | 5.44* | 1.29–23.00 | <0.05 |
AOR = Adjusted odds ratio. 95% CI = 95% Confidence interval. Bold = Statistical significance. Statistical significance level at * = p ≤ 0.05, ** = p = 0.01, and *** = p < 0.001. Ref = Reference.
Note: Individuals born in U.S. territories were included in the non-U.S.-born population.