Table 3.

Ordinal Logistic Regression Model: Association of Global Distress Index (MSAS-GDI) with Social Support, Activities of Living, COPD Score, Demographic, and Clinical Factors (n=380)

Independent Variables	Univariate Analysis		Multivariate Analysis
	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	P value	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	P value
Age	0.96 (0.94 to 0.98)	<0.001*	0.97 (0.95 to 0.99)	0.004*
Men vs women (ref: male)	1.3 (.9 to 1.85)	0.16	1.21 (0.81 to 1.81)	0.36
KPS (in two groups): ≤70% vs ≥ 80% score	0.54 (0.38 to 0.78)	0.001*	1.16 (0.74 to 1.81)	0.52
Missed 1 or more doses (ref No)	2.64 (1.62 to 4.29)	<0.001*	2.05 (1.23 to 3.43)	0.006*
Co-morbidity: (None vs ≥ 1 co-morbidity)	2.39 (1.55 to 3.69)	<0.001*	1.35 (0.83 to 2.21)	0.22
Smoking status (ref yes)	0.78 (0.54 to 1.12)	0.18	0.93 (0.63 to 1.39)	0.74
Living arrangement: (lives alone vs does not live alone)	1.25 (0.68 to 2.31)	0.47	–	–
Living situation: formal with sanitation inside vs formal/informal with sanitation outside	1.40 (0.88 to 2.21)	0.15	0.87 (0.52 to 1.46)	0.61
Hospitalisations in the last 12 months (None vs ≥ 1)	1.38 (0.96 to 1.99)	0.08	0.95 (0.62 to 1.47)	0.82
Education (Primary vs high school and beyond)	0.83 (0.58 to 1.18)	0.30	–	–
Income: employed vs unemployed	1.1 (0.57 to 2.16)	0.77	–	–
Employed vs disability grant/pension	0.76 (0.43 to 1.34)	0.34
COPD Assessment Test (CAT)	1.14 (1.1 to 1.17)	<0.001*	1.09 (1.06 to 1.13)	<0.001*
Activity of daily living (LCADL)	1.08 (1.06 to 1.1)	<0.001*	1.05 (1.03 to 1.07)	<0.001*
Social support (MOS-Social Support Survey)	0.98 (.97 to 0.99)	<0.001*	0.98 (0.97 to 0.99)	<0.001*

Note: *Significant at <0.05.

Abbreviations: KPS, Karnofsky Performance Status; LCADL, London Chest Activity of Daily Living Scale; MOS, Medical Outcomes Study.