Table 4.

Ordinal Logistic Regression Model: Association of Psychological Symptom Distress Index (MSAS-PSYCH) with Social Support, Activities of Living, COPD Score, Demographic, and Clinical Factors (n=377)

Independent Variables	Univariate Analysis		Multivariate Analysis
	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	P value	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	P value
Age	0.97 (0.95 to 0.98)	<0.001*	0.98 (0.95 to 0.99)	0.032*
Men vs women (ref male)	1.23 (0.86 to 1.76)	0.25	1.31 (0.88 to 1.96)	0.19
KPS (in two groups): ≤70% vs ≥ 80% score	0.59 (0.41 to 0.85)	0.005*	1.38 (0.87 to 2.19)	0.17
Missed 1 or more doses (ref No)	1.64 (1.01 to 2.65)	0.045*	1.30 (0.78 to 2.18)	0.32
Co-morbidity: (None vs ≥ 1 co-morbidity)	2.06 (1.34 to 3.18)	<0.001*	1.09 (0.66 to 1.78)	0.75
Smoking status (ref yes)	0.80 (0.56 to 1.15)	0.23	0.93 (0.62 to 1.38)	0.71
Living arrangement: alone vs does not live alone	1.37 (0.73 to 2.54)	0.32	–
Living situation: formal with sanitation inside vs formal/informal with sanitation outside	1.60 (1.01 to 2.53)	0.046*	1.18 (0.70 to 1.98)	0.53
Hospitalisations in the last 12 months (None vs ≥ 1)	1.45 (1.01 to 2.09)	0.045*	1.15 (0.75 TO 1.77)	0.53
Education (Primary vs high school and beyond)	0.88 (0.62 to 1.26)	0.49	–	–
Income: employed vs unemployed	1.51 (0.75 to 3.02)	0.25	1.08 (0.84 to 3.78)	0.13
Employed vs disability grant/pension	0.96 (0.53 to 1.73)	0.88	1.45 (0.72 to 2.90)	0.29
COPD Assessment Test (CAT)	1.13 (1.1 to 1.16)	<0.001*	1.08 (1.04 to 1.11)	<0.001*
Activity of daily living (LCADL)	1.07 (1.05 to 1.08)	<0.001*	1.05 (1.03 to 1.07)	<0.001*
Social support (MOS-Social Support Survey)	0.98 (0.96 to 0.99)	<0.001*	0.97 (0.96 to 0.98)	<0.001*

Note: *Significant at <0.05.

Abbreviations: KPS, Karnofsky Performance Status; LCADL, London Chest Activity of Daily Living Scale; MOS, Medical Outcomes Study.