Table 1.
Cardiovascular Measures, Operational Definitions and Clinical Significance.
| Time point | Measure | Operational definition | Clinical significance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Before exercise | HRBefore | Number of heart beats per minute (bpm) | Cardiac activity before exercise |
| BPBefore | Pressure of circulating blood exerted on the vessel wall at both systole (i.e., contraction) and diastole (i.e., relaxation) (mmHg) | Vascular function before exercise Whelton et al. (2018) | |
| RPPBefore | SBPBeforeX HRBefore (mmHg X bpm) | Myocardial workload and oxygen consumption at rest before exercise Gobel et al. (1978) | |
| Maximum exercise | HRMax | Number of heartbeats per unit of time (bpm) | Cardiac function during maximum exercise |
| HRReserve | HRReserve = HRMax−HRBefore (bpm) | Sympathetic arousal in response to exercise Swain and Leutholtz (1997) | |
| BPMax | Pressure of circulating blood exerted on the vessel wall at both systole and diastole (mmHg) | Vascular function during maximum exercise Whelton et al. (2018) | |
| RPPMax | SBPBeforeX HRBefore (mmHg) | Myocardial workload at maximal exercise Gobel et al. (1978) | |
| After exercise | HRAfter | Number of heartbeats per unit of time (bpm) | Cardiac function after exercise |
| HRRecovery | HRRecovery = HRMax−HRAfter (bpm) | Parasympathetic reactivation and sympathetic withdrawal in response to exercise termination Cole et al. (1999), Gourine and Ackland (2019) | |
| BPAfter | Pressure of circulating blood exerted on the vessel wall at both systole and diastole (mmHg) | Vascular function after exercise Whelton et al. (2018) | |
| BPRecovery | BPRecovery = SBPMax-SBPAfter (mmHg) | Changes in sympathetic and parasympathetic activities, systemic vascular resistance, endothelial dysfunction, and baroreflex sensitivity Laukkanen et al. (2004), Mahfouz et al. (2014) |
Note. HR = heart rate; BP = blood pressure; RPP = rate pressure product; SBP = systolic BP; X = interaction; mmHG = millimeters of pressure.