Table 1.
Characteristics of the full CoUD sample and diagnosis-based LCA subgroups based on AUD, CaUD, OUD, and TUD diagnoses
| Full CoUD sample (n = 7,989) | Low-PSA (n = 1,367) | Intermediate-PSA (n = 3,006) | High-PSA (n = 3,616) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age-years, median (IQR) | 41 (35–47) | 42 (37–48) | 42 (36–48) | 40 (32–46) |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Male | 4879 (61) | 652 (48) | 1685 (56) | 2542 (70) |
| Female | 3110 (39) | 715 (52) | 1321 (44) | 1074 (30) |
| Race/Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||
| African American, not Hispanic | 3754 (47) | 768 (56) | 1488 (50) | 1498 (41) |
| European American, not Hispanic | 2905 (36) | 360 (26) | 1032 (34) | 1513 (42) |
| African American, Hispanic | 212 (3) | 41 (3) | 65 (2) | 106 (3) |
| European American, Hispanic | 504 (6) | 82 (6) | 182 (6) | 240 (7) |
| Native American | 60 (1) | 18 (1) | 18 (1) | 24 (1) |
| Asian | 12 (0) | 2 (0) | 5 (0) | 5 (0) |
| Pacific Islander | 7 (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (0) | 2 (0) |
| Socioeconomic factors, n (%) | ||||
| Highest education completeda, median (IQR) | 5 (4–6) | 5 (4–6) | 5 (3–6) | 5 (4–6) |
| High school diploma | 2183 (27) | 401 (29) | 814 (27) | 968 (27) |
| General Educational Development (GED) | 1508 (19) | 179 (13) | 518 (17) | 811 (22) |
| Currently in school | 528 (7) | 95 (7) | 176 (6) | 257 (7) |
| Employed past year | 4957 (62) | 768 (56) | 1792 (60) | 2397 (66) |
| Employed currently | 2260 (28) | 367 (27) | 869 (29) | 1024 (28) |
| Working full-time | 1151 (14) | 182 (13) | 438 (15) | 531 (15) |
| Household gross incomeb, median (IQR) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) |
| Substance use disorders, n (%) | ||||
| AUD | 6561 (82) | 413 (30) | 2532 (84) | 3616 (100) |
| CaUD | 4581 (57) | 88 (6) | 877 (29) | 3616 (100) |
| OUD | 3909 (49) | 560 (41) | 1395 (46) | 1954 (54) |
| TUD | 6903 (86) | 684 (50) | 2603 (87) | 3616 (100) |
| Comorbid substance use disorders, n (%) | ||||
| 0 | 116 (1) | 116 (8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| 1 | 757 (9) | 757 (55) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| 2 | 2105 (26) | 494 (36) | 1611 (54) | 0 (0) |
| 3 | 3057 (38) | 0 (0) | 1395 (46) | 1662 (46) |
| 4 | 1954 (24) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1954 (54) |
| Household substance use, n (%) | ||||
| Any alcohol/drugs | 4109 (51) | 522 (38) | 1531 (51) | 2056 (57) |
| Alcohol use | 3736 (47) | 460 (34) | 1374 (46) | 1902 (53) |
| Cocaine use | 686 (9) | 64 (5) | 229 (8) | 393 (11) |
| Heroin use | 379 (5) | 53 (4) | 128 (4) | 198 (5) |
| Other illegal drugs | 1313 (16) | 110 (8) | 423 (14) | 780 (22) |
| Prescription drug abuse | 325 (4) | 29 (2) | 102 (3) | 194 (5) |
| Cigarette smoking | 5197 (65) | 775 (57) | 1956 (65) | 2466 (68) |
| Suicidal thoughts and behaviors, n (%) | ||||
| Suicidal ideation | 3391 (42) | 460 (34) | 1238 (41) | 1693 (47) |
| Suicide plan | 1525 (19) | 197 (14) | 579 (19) | 749 (21) |
| Suicide attempt | 1333 (17) | 187 (14) | 527 (18) | 619 (17) |
| Childhood trauma, n (%) | ||||
| Any traumatic event (any age) | 5519 (69) | 819 (6) | 1994 (66) | 2706 (75) |
| Witnessed violence | 1543 (19) | 221 (16) | 527 (18) | 795 (22) |
| Witnessed violence (2+) | 920 (12) | 137 (10) | 285 (9) | 498 (14) |
| Victim of violence | 514 (6) | 80 (6) | 182 (6) | 252 (7) |
| Abused sexually | 1257 (16) | 192 (14) | 483 (16) | 582 (16) |
| Abused physically | 786 (10) | 91 (7) | 295 (10) | 400 (11) |
| Psychopathology, n (%) | ||||
| ADHD | 653 (8) | 50 (4) | 225 (7) | 378 (10) |
| ASPD | 1314 (16) | 89 (7) | 383 (13) | 842 (23) |
| Conduct disorder | 260 (3) | 31 (2) | 85 (3) | 144 (4) |
| Gambling disorder | 869 (11) | 88 (6) | 272 (9) | 509 (14) |
| Agoraphobia, no Panic disorder | 251 (3) | 29 (2) | 89 (3) | 133 (4) |
| Agoraphobia | 511 (6) | 54 (4) | 189 (6) | 268 (7) |
| Bipolar I | 393 (5) | 34 (2) | 134 (4) | 225 (6) |
| MDE 1 | 944 (12) | 155 (11) | 362 (12) | 427 (12) |
| MDE 2 | 612 (8) | 75 (5) | 230 (8) | 307 (8) |
| MDD | 1157 (14) | 184 (13) | 445 (15) | 528 (15) |
| MDE | 1355 (17) | 187 (14) | 210 (17) | 648 (18) |
| Mixed episode | 338 (4) | 22 (2) | 110 (4) | 206 (6) |
| OCD | 250 (3) | 28 (2) | 89 (3) | 133 (4) |
| Panic disorder | 548 (7) | 66 (5) | 211 (7) | 271 (7) |
| PTSD | 1397 (17) | 186 (14) | 511 (17) | 700 (19) |
| Social phobia | 446 (6) | 44 (3) | 157 (5) | 245 (7) |
| Social phobia generalized | 356 (4) | 33 (2) | 129 (4) | 194 (5) |
| Medical history/Physical health, n (%) | ||||
| Rating of physical healthc, median (IQR) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) |
| High blood pressure | 2228 (28) | 387 (28) | 892 (30) | 949 (26) |
| Migraine headaches | 1272 (16) | 215 (16) | 483 (16) | 574 (16) |
| Brain injury | 1221 (15) | 147 (11) | 437 (15) | 637 (18) |
| Unconscious >5 min | 1370 (17) | 182 (13) | 490 (16) | 698 (19) |
| Epilepsy | 559 (7) | 90 (7) | 205 (7) | 264 (7) |
| Meningitis/Encephalitis | 127 (2) | 22 (2) | 56 (2) | 49 (1) |
| Stroke | 168 (2) | 35 (3) | 66 (2) | 67 (2) |
| Heart disease | 355 (4) | 69 (5) | 150 (5) | 136 (4) |
| Liver disease | 1543 (19) | 216 (16) | 623 (21) | 704 (19) |
| Thyroid | 249 (3) | 54 (4) | 107 (4) | 88 (2) |
| Asthma | 1746 (22) | 286 (21) | 670 (22) | 790 (22) |
| Diabetes | 604 (8) | 102 (7) | 251 (8) | 251 (7) |
| Cancer | 248 (3) | 46 (3) | 103 (3) | 99 (3) |
| HIV/AIDS | 557 (7) | 115 (8) | 233 (8) | 209 (6) |
| STD | 2121 (27) | 329 (24) | 793 (26) | 999 (28) |
| Medicine for: nervousness | 2311 (29) | 317 (23) | 902 (30) | 1092 (30) |
| Medicine for: sleep | 2647 (33) | 271 (27) | 1020 (34) | 1256 (35) |
| Medicine for: depression | 2988 (37) | 420 (31) | 1166 (39) | 1402 (39) |
| Medicine for: headaches | 732 (9) | 112 (8) | 285 (9) | 335 (9) |
| Medicine for: energy | 220 (3) | 33 (2) | 80 (3) | 107 (3) |
| Medicine containing steroids | 982 (12) | 160 (12) | 389 (13) | 433 (12) |
CoUD, Cocaine use disorder; PSA, Polysubstance addiction; LCA, Latent class analysis; AUD, Alcohol use disorder; CaUD, Cannabis use disorder; OUD, Opioid use disorder; TUD, Tobacco use disorder; ADHD, Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ASPD, Antisocial personality disorder; MDE 1, One major depressive episode; MDE 2, Second major depressive episode; MDD, Major depressive disorder; MDE, Major depressive episode; OCD, Obsessive-compulsive disorder; PTSD, Posttraumatic stress disorder; STD, Sexually transmitted disease.
a
Highest education completed: variable ranging from 1 to 8, where 1 = “grade 2–8 completed”; 2 = “grade 9 completed”; 3 = “grade 10 completed”; 4 = “grade 11 completed”; 5 = “grade 12 completed”; 6 = “technical school or 1–3 years of college”; 7 = ”BA, BSc”; 8 = ”MA, MS, JD, MD, PhD”.
b
Household income: 1. $0-$9,999/year; 2. $10,000-$39,999/year; 3. $40,000-$150,000 or more/year.
c
Rating of physical health: 1. poor; 2. fair; 3. good; 4. very good; 5. excellent.